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. 2018 Jun 27;8:9760. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28014-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunohistochemistry of glycolysis markers. Immunohistochemical staining of PDK1 and GluT1 in normal (a–c), OED (d–f) and OSCC (g–i). Two consecutive sections were stained with PDK1 and GluT1; (c,f and i) are zoomed in images of GluT1 immuno staining from areas highlighted in red from normal, OED and OSCC respectively. Low expression of both PDK1 (a) and GluT1 (b) in normal tissue. GluT1 expression in muscle (b) is indicated by ‘→’; (c) mild cytoplasmic (‘→’) or no expression (‘*’) of GluT1 in normal epithelial cells; d) PDK1 staining showed a homogeneous increase in PDK1 expression in full depth of the tissue in OED; (e) decreasing gradient of GluT1 expression from basal cell layer to superficial keratinizing layer in OED. ‘→’ indicates an island of strong GluT1 expressing neoplastic cells; (f) ‘→’ and ‘*’ shows strong GluT1 expressing neoplastic cell in basal epithelium and low GluT1 expressing superficial keratinized cell respectively; (g) PDK1 expression in OSCC; (h) GluT1 expression in OSCC. GluT1 staining of red blood cells in blood vessels are indicated by “→”; (i) heterogeneous GluT1 expression with unique intracellular pattern of distribution in OSCC. Arrows show distribution of GluT1 highly membranous (yellow), primarily cytosolic (red) and mixed (black); Scale bar: 50 µm unless specified.