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The effects of pretreatment with femtomolar, picomolar, or nanomolar levels of E2, E1, or E3 on GnRH-induced LH secretion from cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells (from Otsuka and Kadokawa [18]). + indicates P < 0.05, and ++ indicates P < 0.01 compared to the control (white bar); * indicates P < 0.05, and ** indicates P < 0.01 compared to GnRH alone (dark grey bar).
