Fig. 6. (A) Schematic representation of ATP synthase activity used in our experiment. (B) Stimulation of ATP synthase activity by α-TOS, T-α-TOS-NPs, and NT-α-TOS-NPs, in the presence or absence of the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. (C) Recovery of oligomycin inhibited ATP synthase activity by α-TOS or T/NT-α-TOS-NPs. ns: non significant. ***P < 0.001; **P = 0.001–0.01.