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. 2018 Jun 9;18(6):1893. doi: 10.3390/s18061893

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Torque evolution of the vehicle with the proportional and integral observer closed loop FTC. (b) Zoom in at $t \in [42$ s $, 48$ s]. (c) Zoom in at $t \in [163$ s $, 170$ s].