Fig. 3. SEM (left column) and TEM images (middle and right columns) of carbon–PANI composites. (a1–a3) Carbon–PANI composites after a 1 h reaction time (sample S1); (b1–b3) after a 2 h reaction time (sample S2); (c1–c3) after a 3 h reaction time (sample S3); (d1–d3) after a 4 h reaction time (sample S4) and (e1–e3) after a 5 h reaction time (sample S5). Smaller sized particles were intentionally selected in order to clearly show the coating of the PANI nanorods on the particles.