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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 11.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Model Softw. 2018 Feb 11;104:118–129.

Table 4.

Overall health impacts and economic benefits associated with meeting an annual PM2.5 standard of 12 μg/m3 in 2013.

Health Endpoint Health Events Avoided
(95% Confidence Interval)		 Value (billions of 2015$)
(95% Confidence Interval)
PM2.5-related mortality
(Estimated using coefficient from Lepeule et al. (2012))		 13,800
(7000–20,300)		 $120
($10–$330)
PM2.5-related mortality
(Estimated using coefficient from Krewski et al. (2009))		 6200
(4200–8200)		 $50
($5–$140)
PM2.5-related cardiovascular hospitalizations 480
(220–1100)		 $0.02
($0.009–$0.04)
PM2.5-related asthma exacerbations 1,135,900
(−9700–3,758,300)		 $0.07
(−$0.000.6–$0.3)
PM2.5-related work loss days 665,000
(564,600–764,400)		 $0.11
($0.09 - $0.13)