Table 4.
Change in CCFM Score (95% CI) per IQR Increment in 1 year Ambient Air Pollutant Levels in Multivariate Models: Modification by Participant Characteristicsa
| Effect modifier | PM2.5 | p-value | NO2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.28 | 0.29 | ||
|
| ||||
| <70 | −0.19 (−0.41, 0.02) | −0.13 (−0.34, 0.09) | ||
| >70 | 0.47 (−0.09, 1.02) | −0.11 (−0.59, 0.38) | ||
|
| ||||
| BMI | 0.47 | 0.85 | ||
|
| ||||
| <30 | −0.15 (−0.38, 0.07) | −0.12 (−0.34, 0.10) | ||
| ≥30 | −0.15 (−0.63, 0.34) | 0.01 (−0.31, 0.33) | ||
|
| ||||
| CRP | 0.28 | 0.11 | ||
|
| ||||
| Low (<1) | −0.23 (−0.71, 0.29) | −0.14 (−0.36, 0.08) | ||
| Elevated (>1) | −0.21 (−0.46, −0.00) | −0.26 (−0.60, 0.07) | ||
|
| ||||
| Diabetes | 0.44 | 0.60 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.16 (−0.41, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.34, 0.14) | ||
| Yes | −0.41 (−0.97, 0.16) | −0.30 (−0.67, 0.07) | ||
|
| ||||
| HbA1c | 0.32 | 0.91 | ||
|
| ||||
| <6.5 | −0.10 (−0.41, 0.20) | −0.11 (−0.39, 0.18) | ||
| ≥6.5 | −0.72 (−1.45, 0.00) | −0.62 (−1.07, −0.17) | ||
|
| ||||
| Hypertensionb | 0.15 | 0.66 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.23 (−0.45, −0.01) | −0.01 (−0.31, 0.12) | ||
| Yes | −0.30 (−0.16, 0.77) | −0.08 (−0.39, −0.23) | ||
|
| ||||
| Stroke | 0.046* | 0.62 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.48 (−0.82, −0.13) | −0.18 (−0.53, 0.17) | ||
| Yes | −0.03 (−0.82, 0.77) | −0.54 (−1.07, −0.01) | ||
|
| ||||
| Current Smoker | 0.10 | 0.08 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.04 (−0.34, 0.26) | 0.08 (−0.22, 0.38) | ||
| Yes | −0.86 (−1.55, −0.17) | −0.30 (−0.74, 0.15) | ||
|
| ||||
| Physical activity | 0.73 | 0.63 | ||
|
| ||||
| None | −0.21 (−0.43, 0.01) | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.09) | ||
| ≥1/ week | −0.20 (−0.67, 0.27) | −1.19 (−1.66, −0.71) | ||
|
| ||||
| Impaired Activities of Daily Livingc | 0.42 | 0.047* | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.23 (−0.45, −0.01) | −0.15 (−0.36, 0.06) | ||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.47, 1.41) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.18) | ||
|
| ||||
| Elevated Depressiond | 0.94 | 0.053 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.19 (−0.44, 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.26) | ||
| Yes | −0.90 (−1.49, −0.32) | −1.09 (−1.46, −0.71) | ||
|
| ||||
| Elevated Anxietye | 0.03* | 0.38 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.41 (−0.67, −0.19) | −0.12 (−0.38, 0.13) | ||
| Yes | −0.15 (−0.75, 0.44) | −0.71 (−0.10, −0.31) | ||
|
| ||||
| Elevated Stressf | 0.01* | 0.93 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.35 (−0.59, −0.11) | −0.18 (−0.41, 0.04) | ||
| Yes | −0.19 (−0.70, 0.32) | −0.83 (−1.17, −0.48) | ||
|
| ||||
| Social Connectednessg | 0.15 | 0.35 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | 0.05 (−0.33, 0.43) | −0.02 (−0.40, 0.36) | ||
| Yes | −0.36 (−1.03, 0.30) | 0.27 (−0.16, 0.69) | ||
|
| ||||
| Loneliness | 0.06 | 0.27 | ||
|
| ||||
| No | −0.22 (−0.56, 0.11) | −0.04 (−0.28, 0.21) | ||
| Yes | −0.22 (−1.12, 0.69) | −0.22 (−0.59, 0.15) | ||
Multivariate models include adjustment for gender, race/ethnicity, education, median household income of census tract, age, region, smoking, season
Hypertension defined as >90 diastolic and/or >140 systolic, average of repeated blood pressure readings used
Impaired Activities of Daily Living defined as participants reporting difficulty in any of the following activities: preparing meals, taking medications, managing money, shopping for food, doing light work, using the phone, walking across a room, walking one block, dressing, bathing, eating, getting out of bed, using the toilet, driving during the day, or driving at night
Elevated depression defined as a score of 9 or greater on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Scale (CESD-11, max 33 points)
Elevated anxiety defined as a score of 8 or greater on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, max 21 points)
Elevated stress defined as a score of 5 or greater on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, max 12 points)
Social connectedness defined as socializing with friends and family 1/week or more
p for interaction <0.05