Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the treatment and control groups^a
| Treatment group (n = 27) | Control group (n = 16) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 45.1 (9.0) | 45.3 (10.4) | 0.958 |
| Gender, women, n (%)b | 25 (86.2) | 13 (81.3) | 0.661 |
| Height, m | 1.7 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.1) | 0.906 |
| Weight, kg | 123.9 (19.4) | 132.4 (15.5) | 0.140 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 44.8 (7.0) | 47.9 (5.2) | 0.120 |
| MOXFQ-index, points | 49.7 (18.5) | 61.0 (23.0) | 0.081 |
| Sum CES-D score | 16.9 (11.6) | 22.3 (12.0) | 0.151 |
| Plantar pressures | |||
| Contact area (cm2) | |||
| Whole foot | 181.2 (26.7) | 185.2 (23.2) | 0.625 |
| Forefootc | 62.3 (9.3) | 63.5 (8.6) | 0.910 |
| Halluxc | 34.0 (6.9) | 35.9 (13.3) | 0.940 |
| Heel | 54.0 (8.6) | 55.1 (5.0) | 0.659 |
| Lesser toes | 31.8 (5.6) | 31.7 (6.9) | 0.952 |
| Midfoot | 45.8 (10.6) | 46.9 (6.1) | 0.658 |
| Force (kgf) | |||
| Whole foot | 149.5 (31.5) | 155.7 (17.5) | 0.479 |
| Forefoot | 97.3 (20.6) | 99.8 (14.4) | 0.669 |
| Halluxc | 33.9 (7.2) | 36.1 (13.1) | 0.950 |
| Heel | 80.7 (19.6) | 85.8 (10.8) | 0.284 |
| Lesser toes | 31.2 (7.5) | 30.8 (9.1) | 0.870 |
| Midfoot | 41.4 (11.3) | 41.6 (8.9) | 0.953 |
| Plantar pressure (kPa) | |||
| Whole footc | 386 (50) | 393 (34) | 0.920 |
| Forefoot | 366 (56) | 370 (41) | 0.785 |
| Hallux | 170 (43) | 186 (74) | 0.437 |
| Heel | 354 (61) | 365 (56) | 0.561 |
| Lesser toes | 54 (20) | 60 (22) | 0.375 |
| Midfoot | 181 (77) | 197 (55) | 0.472 |
| Contact time (seconds) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.745 |
| Hindfoot ROM (degrees) | |||
| Frontal planec | 40.9 (6.3) | 38.3 (4.7) | 0.094 |
| Dorsiflexion | 61.2 (5.0) | 62.4 (6.4) | 0.492 |
| Foot posture (degrees) | |||
| Talo-second metatarsal angle | 12.0 (8.4) | 8.8 (10.1) | 0.265 |
| Talo-navicular angle | 15.3 (6.9) | 11.4 (7.6) | 0.092 |
| Calcaneal inclination anglec | 20.6 (4.9) | 22.1 (3.6) | 0.445 |
| Calcaneal-first metatarsal angle | 133.1 (6.3) | 131.6 (6.0) | 0.420 |
SD standard deviation, m metres, kg kilograms, m2 metres squared, cm2 centimetres squared, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, MOXFQ Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire, kPa kilopascal, ROM range of motion
ap calculated for differences between the treatment and control groups analysed with the independent samples t-test
bp calculated for differences between the treatment and control groups analysed with the chi-squared test
cp calculated for differences between the treatment and control groups analysed with the Mann-Whitney U test
^values are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated