AC	alternating current
AEC	amperometric electrochemical
AuNPs	gold nanoparticles
bsa	bovine serum albumin
CA	chronoamperometry
CAN	cantilever
cDNA	complementary DNA
CNT	carbon nanotube
CO	colorimetric
CRET	chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer
CSRP	circular strand-replacement DNA polymerization
CV	cyclic voltammetry
Cy3/Cy5	cyanine 3, cyanine 5
dsDNA	double stranded DNA
DPV	differential pulse voltammetry
EBFC	enzyme biofuel cell
ECL	electrochemiluminescent
EIS	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
ELAA	enzyme-linked aptamer assay
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ESI-IMS	electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry
FAM	fluorescein amidite
FIS	faradaic impedance spectroscopy
FL	fluorometric
FRET	fluorescence resonance energy transfer
GO	graphene oxide
HRP	horseradish peroxidase
IEC	impedimetric electrochemical
KD	dissociation constant
LOD	limit of detection
LCA	liquid crystal assay
LSPIA	light scattering particle immunoagglutination assay
LSV	linear sweep voltammetry
MB	methylene blue
MCH	6-mercapto-1-hexanol
MIP	molecularly imprinted polymer
MOF	metal organic framework
MWCNTs	multi-walled carbon nanotubes
NPs	nanoparticles
OCV	open circuit voltage
PEC	photoelectrochemical
QCM	quartz crystal microbalance
QD	quantum dot
rGO	reduced graphene oxide
ROX	carboxy-x-rhodamine
SAM	self-assembled monolayer
SAW	surface acoustic wave
SELEX	systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment
SERS	surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SPCE	screen-printed carbon electrode
SPE	screen-printed electrode
SPR	surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
SSB	ssDNA binding protein
ssDNA	single stranded DNA
SWV	square wave voltammetry
UCNPs	upconversion nanoparticles