Fig 4. Unsaturated NEFAs do not protect against cytokine-induced β-cell failure.

Cells were exposed for 24 h to 2 ng/mL IL-1β plus 50 ng/mL IFN-γ (grey bars) in serum-deprived RPMI containing BSA-conjugated linoleate or palmitoletae, or BSA alone. Control cells were incubated in the same media lacking the cytokines (black bars). NEFA effects were determined on MitoSOX oxidation rate (A)—normalized to cell number), cell density (B)—normalized to BSA control not exposed to cytokines, glucose-stimulated coupled mitochondrial respiration (C)—normalized to coupled respiration without added glucose and GSIS (D). Data are means ± SEM of 4 independent experiments (S1 Data) with each condition repeated 5 times. Mean differences were tested for statistical significance by 2-way ANOVA: *^,**^,****differs from the control condition (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively).