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. 2018 Jun 2;8(2):39. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics8020039

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of a multi-marker panel for pancreatic cancer diagnosis. (A) This illustration depicts the potential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using four recombinant antibodies (single chain fragment variable (scFv)) generated against serum antigens found in pancreatic cancer. Each antigen provides information crucial for the treatment and prognosis of the disease. (B) Four different scFvs against tissue markers found (or upregulated) in pancreatic cancer are coupled to different dyes or labels. These scFvs will be applied to tumor tissues obtained by a biopsy. Any antigen within the tissue will be detected by the relevant scFv and the levels of each antigen determined. (Adapted from Crawley and O’Kennedy, 2015).