Table 1.
Overview of some important sample matrices and associated biomarkers.
| Sample Matrix | Biomarkers | Associated Cancer | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saliva | microRNA panel (miR-9, miR-134, miR-191) | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) | [24] |
| microRNA panel from whole saliva (miR-10b, miR-144, and miR-451), saliva supernatant (miR-10b, miR-144, miR-21, and miR-451) | Esophageal | [25] | |
| Urine | Bence Jones proteins | Light-chain multiple myeloma | [26] |
| Exosome size | Bladder | [27] | |
| Breast milk | TGF-β | Breast cancer | [28] |
| CSF | CTCs | Metastatic breast cancer giving rise to leptomeningeal metastasis | [29] |
| Serum from blood | PSA | Prostate | [2] |
| Autoantibodies | CRC, lung, stomach, breast | [30,31,32] | |
| ZNF | CRC | [33] | |
| Igs | CIN I and cervical cancer | [34] | |
| Seminal plasma | PSA | Prostate | [35] |
Abbreviations: prostate specific antigen (PSA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), colorectal cancer (CRC), zinc-finger proteins (ZNFs), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I), immunoglobulins (Igs), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).