Table 1.

The anti-oxidative functions of AR and its major constituents.

Working Parts	Biological Functions	Model	References
Astragaloside	Against oxidation of linoleic acid	In vitro	[19]
	Enhancing anti-oxidant enzymes activities and accumulating osmotic agents	In vitro	[20]
	Improving DNA repair abilities	In vitro	[21]
	Upregulating lipideroxidation levels	In vivo	[22]
Flavonoids	Enhancing free radical scavenging activities	In vitro	[23]
	Stimulating lipid peroxidation inhibition levels	In vitro	[24,25,26]
	Decreasing SOD and GSH-Px contents	In vivo	[27]
Saponins	Declining high-mobility group box 1 protein content	In vivo	[28]
	Preventing renal and mitochondrial oxidative-induced dysfunctions, possibly through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway	In vivo; In vivo	[29,30]
Polysaccharides	Decline of SOD and GSH-Px levels	In vivo	[33,35,36]
	Decrease of SOD, GSH-Px, and catalase activities	In vitro	[34]

SOD: Super oxidase dimutase; GSH-Px: Selenium dependent glutathione-peroxidase.