Table 2.
Patients with proven and probable invasive Candida infections and corresponding frequencies of Candida-reactive T cells.
| Direct fungal evidence | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient | Underlying disease/Host factor | Risk factor | Radiological findings | Beta-D-Glucan | Histology | Fungal culture | Invasive Candida Infection | EORTC grade | Increased T cell frequency | Cross-reactivity |
| 1 | Chronic kidney disease Mesenteric ischemia | CVC Dialysis ICU Parenteral nutrition Surgery | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC and TC (Peritoneum): C. glabrata BC: C. parapsilosis | Candidemia Peritonitis | Proven | C. glabrata C. parapsilosis | Neg. |
| 2 | Diabetes mellitus Pancreatic carcinoma | CVC ICU Surgery | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. albicans | Candidemia Endophthalmitis | Proven | C. glabrata | Neg. |
| 3 | Urothelial carcinoma | Surgery | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. albicans | Candidemia | Proven | C. albicans | Neg. |
| 4 | Chronic liver disease Colorectal carcinoma Obesity | Chemotherapy Surgery | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. albicans | Candidemia | Proven | C. albicans C. parapsilosis | Pos. |
| 5 | Pancreatic carcinoma Obesity | CVC Dialysis ICU Surgery | Abdominal CT | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. glabrata; C. parapsilosis | Candidemia Hepatosplenic Candidiasis | Proven | C. glabrata C. parapsilosis | Neg. |
| 6 | Chronic liver disease Pancreatic carcinoma | Chemotherapy CVC Radiotherapy Surgery | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C glabrata | Candidemia | Proven | C. glabrata | Neg. |
| 7* | Burkitt-Lymphoma HIV/AIDS Rheumatic disease | Chemotherapy CVC ICU Neutropenia | Spinal PET/CT Spinal MRI Spinal CT | Neg. | Neg. | BC: C. albicans TC: (Spinal disc and psoas abscess): C. albicans | Candidemia Osteomyelitis Spondylodiscitis | Proven | C. albicans | Neg. |
| 8 | Diabetes mellitus Hodgkin Lymphoma Obesity Viral pneumonia | Chemotherapy CVC ICU Surgery | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. albicans | Candidemia | Proven | C. albicans | Neg. |
| 9 | HIV/AIDS Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Underweight | Chemotherapy CVC ICU Radiotherapy | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC and CVC culture: C. albicans | Catheter related bloodstream infection Candidemia | Proven | C. albicans | Neg. |
| 10 | Alcohol addiction AML | Chemotherapy CVC ICU Neutropenia Surgery | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. glabrata | Candidemia | Proven | C. glabrata | Neg. |
| 11 | Alcohol addiction Chronic liver disease Diabetes mellitus Underweight | CVC Parental nutrition | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. glabrata | Candidemia | Proven | C. glabrata | Neg. |
| 12 | ALL | Chemotherapy | Abdominal CT, Abdominal MRI, Abdominal Ultrasound | Pos. | Pos. | Neg. | Hepatosplenic Candidiasis | Proven | C. albicans, C. glabrata C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis | Pos.† |
| 13 | Chronic renal disease Diabetes mellitus Obesity | CVC Dialysis ICU | Neg. | N.D. | N.D. | BC: C. glabrata | Candidemia | Proven | C. glabrata | Neg. |
| 14 | AML | Chemotherapy Neutropenia | Abdominal Ultrasound | Pos. | Neg. | Neg. | Hepatosplenic Candidiasis | Probable | C. glabrata | Neg. |
Classification of invasive Candida infections according to the 2008 EORTC/MSG criteria, culture or histology of Candida spp. and Candida-reactive T cells (De Pauw et al., 2008). Pos., positive; Neg., negative; N.D., not done; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ALL, Acute lymphatic leukemia; AML, Acute myeloid leukemia; BC, blood culture; CT, Computer Tomography; CVC, central venous catheter; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICU, intensive care unit; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; TC, tissue culture;
(Koehler et al., 2017).
Candida spp. causing hepatosplenic candidiasis have not been identified, cross-reactivity may represent mixed infection.