Table 2.
Mean and median 1-minute averaged PM2.5 exposure (μg/m3) and frequency (minutes) according to visual concept by sex.
| Women: mean (sd) | Median | Total minutes | Men: mean (sd) | Median | Total minutes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooking | ||||||
| Biomass cooking unit | 84 (196) | 34 | 1129 | 119 (384) | 384 | 857 |
| LPG stove | 53 (136) | 35 | 2659 | 91 (213) | 213 | 1260 |
| Other cooking unit | 44 (50) | 38 | 935 | 42 (31) | 31 | 268 |
| Food preparation | 60 (130) | 36 | 5691 | 99 (311) | 311 | 1214 |
| Eating | 39 (42) | 32 | 3975 | 47 (73) | 73 | 3665 |
| Presence in the kitchen | 48 (94) | 34 | 12,139 | 133 (311) | 311 | 2196 |
| Travel | ||||||
| Travel by bus | NA | NA | 0 | 46 (23) | 23 | 181 |
| Travel by bicycle | 48 (15) | 50 | 13 | 41 (28) | 28 | 983 |
| Travel by auto rickshaw | 36 (14) | 33 | 65 | 42 (34) | 34 | 1212 |
| Travel by motorcycle | 39 (33) | 32 | 86 | 37 (42) | 42 | 2084 |
| Travel by car | NA | NA | 0 | 48 (38) | 38 | 229 |
| Presence on road | 39 (57) | 31 | 9023 | 47 (154) | 154 | 11,376 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Presence at office or shop | 39 (13) | 36 | 718 | 49 (58) | 58 | 4699 |
| Presence at work field | 32 (11) | 30 | 8384 | 38 (20) | 20 | 1920 |
| Presence in industry | 34 (13) | 30 | 78 | 54 (145) | 145 | 9394 |
| Presence in informal work | 44 (72) | 33 | 1000 | 39 (62) | 62 | 5519 |
| Presence of non-cooking combustion | ||||||
| Diesel generator | NA | NA | 0 | 45 (26) | 26 | 21 |
| Smokinga | 49 (32) | 36 | 191 | 104 (217) | 217 | 800 |
| Visible flame or smoke | 71 (173) | 31 | 226 | 138 (416) | 416 | 631 |
| Location | ||||||
| Indoors | 40 (55) | 32 | 38,833 | 51 (112) | 112 | 29,791 |
| In vehicle | 36 (15) | 33 | 60 | 41 (32) | 32 | 2158 |
| Mixed | 37 (29) | 32 | 972 | 57 (79) | 79 | 450 |
a
Includes active and passive smoking.