Table 1.
Characteristics of the population in the ISA-Nutrition in 2003, 2008 and 2015, according to body weight status a.
| ISA-Nutrition 2003 | ISA-Nutrition 2008 | |||||||||||||
|
Total Population
(n = 2060) |
Without EBW
(n = 1427) b |
With EBW
(n = 633) b |
Total Population
(n = 1556) |
Without EBW
(n = 997) b |
With EBW
(n = 559) b |
|||||||||
| % | 95% CL | % | 95% CL | % | 95% CL | pc | % | 95% CL | % | 95% CL | % | 95% CL | pc | |
| Age group | ||||||||||||||
| Adolescents (12–19 years) | 17.5 | (15.6, 19.6) | 82.2 | (82.8, 89.1) | 13.8 | (10.9, 17.2) | 24.3 | (21.2, 27.6) | 75.2 | (70.7, 79.3) | 24.8 | (20.7, 29.3) | ||
| Adults (20–59 years) | 70.1 | (68.0, 72.1) | 59.0 | (55.5, 62.6) | 41.0 | (37.4, 44.6) | 62.6 | (58.9, 66.1) | 53.1 | (48.7, 57.4) | 46.9 | (42.6, 51.3) | ||
| Older adults (60 years or more) | 12.4 | (10.8, 14.2) | 64.1 | (59.2, 68.6) | 36.0 | (31.4, 40.8) | 0.000 | 13.2 | (11.0, 15.7) | 66.0 | (61.9, 69.8) | 34.0 | (30.2, 38.1) | 0.000 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 52.4 | (49.5, 55.2) | 66.5 | (62.8, 69.9) | 33.6 | (30.1, 37.2) | 54.3 | (51.8,.56.8) | 61.8 | (57.8, 65.5) | 38.3 | (34.5, 42.2) | ||
| Male | 47.6 | (44.8, 50.4) | 62.1 | (57.7, 66.3) | 37.9 | (33.7, 42.3) | 0.145 | 45.7 | (43.1, 48.2) | 58.2 | (53.3, 63.0) | 41.8 | (37.0, 46.7) | 0.259 |
| Racial Self-identification | ||||||||||||||
| White | 67.2 | (63.2,71.0) | 61.9 | (58.7, 65.1) | 38.1 | (34.9, 41.3) | 60.5 | (54.7, 65.9) | 59.5 | (55.7, 63.2) | 40.5 | (36.8, 44.3) | ||
| Non white | 32.8 | (29.1, 36.8) | 69.6 | (65.4, 73.5) | 30.4 | (26.5, 34.6) | 0.004 | 39.5 | (34.0, 45.3) | 61.2 | (55.4, 66.7) | 38.8 | (33.3, 44.6) | 0.435 |
| Education of parent/householder | ||||||||||||||
| ≤9 years | 54.0 | (49.5, 58.4) | 65.3 | (61.8, 68.7) | 34.7 | (31.3, 38.2) | 46.8 | (40.4, 53.2) | 60.7 | (56.1, 65.1) | 39.3 | (34.9, 43.9) | ||
| >9 years | 46.0 | (41.6, 50.5) | 63.5 | (58.9, 67.8) | 36.5 | (32.2, 41.1) | 0.521 | 53.3 | (46.8, 59.6) | 59.5 | (55.5, 63.4) | 40.5 | (36.6, 44.5) | 0.675 |
| Household income d | ||||||||||||||
| ≤1 MW d | 38.5 | (34.0, 43.2) | 68.4 | (63.6, 72.9) | 31.6 | (27.1, 36.4) | 44.3 | (39.1, 49.5) | 65.6 | (61.3, 69.7) | 34.4 | (30.3, 38.7) | ||
| >1 MW d | 61.5 | (56.8, 66.0) | 61.9 | (58.4, 65.3) | 38.1 | (34.7, 41.6) | 0.041 | 55.7 | (50.4, 60.9) | 55.8 | (51.9, 59.6) | 44.2 | (40.4, 48.1) | 0.000 |
| Leisure-time Physical Activity Level | ||||||||||||||
| Meet the recommendation | 22.7 | (19.9, 25.8) | 62.2 | (56.8, 67.3) | 37.8 | (32.7, 43.2) | 22.2 | (20.3, 24.4) | 57.4 | (50.3, 64.2) | 42.6 | (35.8, 50.7) | ||
| Don’t meet the recommendation | 77.3 | (74.2, 80.1) | 65.0 | (62.0, 67.9) | 35.0 | (32.1, 38.0) | 0.339 | 77.8 | (75.6, 79.7) | 61.1 | (57.5, 64.5) | 38.9 | (35.5, 42.5) | 0.362 |
| Global Physical Activity Level | ||||||||||||||
| Meet the recommendation | 77.2 | (74.0, 80.1) | 65.8 | (61.1, 70.3) | 34.2 | (29.7, 38.9) | 79.8 | (77.0, 82.4) | 58.4 | (55.1, 61.7) | 41.6 | (38.3, 44.9) | ||
| Don’t meet the recommendation | 22.8 | (19.9, 26.0) | 64.1 | (61.0, 67.1) | 35.9 | (32.9, 39.0) | 0.517 | 20.2 | (17.6, 23.0) | 67.0 | (61.0, 72.4) | 33.0 | (27.6, 39.0) | 0.008 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 65.9 | (62.9, 68.8) | 65.8 | (62.4, 69.0) | 34.2 | (31.0, 37.6) | 66.4 | (63.1, 69.5) | 63.2 | (59.7, 66.5) | 36.8 | (33.5, 40.3) | ||
| Former | 19.2 | (16.6, 22.0) | 70.4 | (63.1, 76.8) | 29.6 | (23.2, 36.9) | 15.4 | (12.9, 18.3) | 46.7 | (39.0, 54.5) | 53.3 | (45.5, 61.0) | ||
| Current | 15.0 | (12.4, 17.9) | 50.1 | (52.4, 57.3) | 49.9 | (42.6, 57.2) | 0.000 | 18.2 | (15.4, 21.4) | 60.5 | (53.4, 67.1) | 39.5 | (32.9, 46.6) | 0.000 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 46.1 | (42.5, 49.7) | 67.4 | (63.4, 71.2) | 32.6 | (28.8, 36.6) | 50.0 | (46.7, 53.2) | 63.4 | (59.3, 67.3) | 36.6 | (32.7, 40.7) | ||
| ≤3 times per week | 48.6 | (45.0, 52.2) | 62.0 | (57.9, 65.9) | 38.0 | (34.1, 42.1) | 44.8 | (41.6, 48.1) | 57.3 | (52.2, 62.2) | 42.7 | (37.8, 47.8) | ||
| >3 times per week | 5.32 | (4.10, 6.88) | 57.6 | (44.1, 70.1) | 42.4 | (29.9, 55.9) | 0.110 | 5.23 | (4.0, 6.8) | 54.7 | (42.5, 66.4) | 45.3 | (33.6, 57.5) | 0.094 |
| mean | IQR | mean | IQR | mean | IQR | pc | mean | IQR | mean | IQR | mean | IQR | pc | |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 1826 | (1235, 2304) | 1849 | (1269, 2290) | 1786 | (1204, 2310) | 0.214 | 1932 | (1256, 2430) | 1994 | (1318, 2488) | 1838 | (1177, 2321) | 0.002 |
| EI/EER | 0.71 | (0.49, 0.87) | 0.74 | (0.50, 0.92) | 0.65 | (0.46, 0.81) | 0.000 | 0.77 | (0.50, 0.96) | 0.82 | (0.55, 1.02) | 0.69 | (0.44, 0.84) | 0.000 |
| Total grams (g/day) | 1547 | (1041, 1847) | 1517 | (1065, 1833) | 1602 | (998, 1900) | 0.461 | 1666 | (1130, 2047) | 1699 | (1161, 2067) | 1616 | (1075, 1999) | 0.037 |
| Total energy density (kcal/g) | 1.26 | (1.00, 1.47) | 1.26 | (1.00, 1.47) | 1.25 | (0.98, 1.47) | 0.479 | 1.19 | (0.97, 1.36) | 1.21 | (1.00, 1.38) | 1.17 | (0.95, 1.35) | 0.026 |
| Protein (%kcal) | 17.1 | (13.3, 19.9) | 16.9 | (13.1, 19.8) | 17.5 | (13.6, 20.4) | 0.102 | 17.4 | (13.2, 10.4) | 17.1 | (13.2, 19.8) | 17.7 | (13.2, 21.0) | 0.074 |
| Carbohydrates (%kcal) | 47.7 | (41.48, 53.7) | 48.4 | (42.5, 53.9) | 46.3 | (40.2, 52.9) | 0.002 | 47.5 | (41.5, 54.3) | 47.8 | (41.6, 54.5) | 47.0 | (40.6, 54.2) | 0.425 |
| Total Fat (%kcal) | 32.7 | (27.3, 38.3) | 32.4 | (26.9, 37.8) | 33.2 | (28.0, 38.9) | 0.097 | 32.4 | (26.5, 38.0) | 32.4 | (26.7, 38.0) | 32.3 | (26.3, 38.2) | 0.910 |
| ISA-Nutrition 2015 | p-Values for the Difference Across Surveys c | |||||||||||||
|
Total Population
(n = 1654) |
Without EBW
(n = 969) b |
With EBW
(n = 685) b |
||||||||||||
| % | 95% CL | % | 95% CL | % | 95% CL | pc | Total Population | Without EBW | With EBW | |||||
| Age group | ||||||||||||||
| Adolescents (12–19 years) | 22.8 | (20.5, 25.3) | 70.6 | (65.9, 74.9) | 29.4 | (25.2, 34.1) | ||||||||
| Adults (20–59 years) | 54.3 | (51.5, 57.0) | 45.8 | (41.5, 50.2) | 54.2 | (49.8, 58.5) | ||||||||
| Older adults (60 years or more) | 22.9 | (20.1, 26.0) | 63.1 | (58.3, 67.6) | 36.9 | (32.4, 41.7) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 49.7 | (46.8, 52.7) | 54.5 | (50.9, 58.1) | 45.5 | (41.9, 49.1) | ||||||||
| Male | 50.3 | (47.3, 53.2) | 56.3 | (52.1, 60.4) | 43.7 | (39.6, 47.9) | 0.482 | 0.112 | 0.054 | 0.673 | ||||
| Racial Self-identification | ||||||||||||||
| White | 50.4 | (46.5, 54.2) | 53.5 | (49.1, 57.9) | 46.5 | (42.1, 50.9) | ||||||||
| Non white | 49.7 | (45.8, 53.5) | 57.2 | (53.1, 61.1) | 42.8 | (38.9, 46.9) | 0.233 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| Education of parent/householder | ||||||||||||||
| ≤9 years | 45.0 | (40.8, 49.3) | 56.2 | (52.4, 59.9) | 43.8 | (40.1, 47.6) | ||||||||
| >9 years | 55.0 | (50.7, 59.2) | 54.4 | (49.6, 59.2) | 45.6 | (40.8, 50.4) | 0.586 | 0.028 | 0.056 | 0.099 | ||||
| Household income d | ||||||||||||||
| ≤1 MW d | 49.9 | (44.8, 54.9) | 54.3 | (50.2, 58.2) | 45.8 | (41.8, 49.8) | ||||||||
| >1 MW d | 50.1 | (45.1, 55.2) | 53.8 | (48.7, 58.7) | 46.3 | (41.3, 51.3) | 0.881 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.003 | ||||
| Leisure-time Physical Activity Level | ||||||||||||||
| Meet the recommendation | 21.9 | (19.5, 24.6) | 58.2 | (51.7, 64.5) | 41.8 | (35.5, 48.3) | ||||||||
| Don’t meet the recommendation | 78.1 | (75.4, 80.5) | 54.6 | (51.7, 57.6) | 45.4 | (42.4, 48.3) | 0.286 | 0.883 | 0.755 | 0.407 | ||||
| Global Physical Activity Level | ||||||||||||||
| Meet the recommendation | 74.6 | (71.6, 77.4) | 59.4 | (53.8, 64.7) | 40.6 | (35.3, 46.2) | ||||||||
| Don’t meet the recommendation | 25.4 | (22.6, 28.4) | 54.3 | (50.9, 57.6) | 45.7 | (42.4, 49.1) | 0.130 | 0.076 | 0.209 | 0.050 | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 71.0 | (68.1, 73.7) | 56.4 | (53.0, 59.8) | 43.6 | (40.2, 47.0) | ||||||||
| Former | 15.0 | (12.8, 17.6) | 44.3 | (37.8, 50.9) | 55.7 | (49.1, 62.2) | ||||||||
| Current | 14.0 | (12.1, 16.1) | 62.0 | (54.1, 69.4) | 38.0 | (30.6, 45.9) | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.013 | ||||
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 58.6 | (54.5, 62.6) | 58.8 | (55.2, 62.3) | 41.2 | (37.7, 44.8) | ||||||||
| ≤3 times per week | 38.9 | (35.0, 42.8) | 50.1 | (44.8, 55.3) | 49.9 | (44.7, 55.2) | ||||||||
| >3 times per week | 2.55 | (1.70, 3.79) | 61.1 | (45.3, 74.9) | 38.9 | (25.1, 54.7) | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | ||||
| mean | IQR | mean | IQR | mean | IQR | pc | Total Population | Without EBW | With EBW | |||||
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 1877 | (1262, 2344) | 1952 | (1285, 2472) | 1783 | (1226, 2208) | 0.002 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.84 | ||||
| EI/EER | 0.72 | (0.49, 0.89) | 0.78 | (0.54, 0.96) | 0.65 | (0.45, 0.78) | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 | ||||
| Total grams (g/day) | 1615 | (1110, 1967) | 1640 | (1139, 2018) | 1585 | (1082, 1913) | 0.021 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.15 | ||||
| Total energy density (kcal/g) | 1.22 | (0.98, 1.40) | 1.24 | (1.00, 1.43) | 1.19 | (0.97, 1.36) | 0.040 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.03 | ||||
| Protein (%kcal) | 17.2 | (13.2, 20.0) | 17.2 | (13.1, 20.0) | 17.1 | (13.2, 20.0) | 0.767 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.34 | ||||
| Carbohydrates (%kcal) | 48.1 | (42.3, 54.1) | 48.5 | (42.4, 55.2) | 47.6 | (42.2, 52.8) | 0.033 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.08 | ||||
| Total Fat (%kcal) | 31.8 | (26.7, 37.1) | 31.5 | (26.3, 36.7) | 32.2 | (27.3, 37.5) | 0.115 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | ||||
Abbreviations: EBW, Excess body weight (includes overweight and obesity); 95% CL, 95% Confidence Limits; MW, Minimum Wage; EI/EER, Energy intake/Estimated Energy Requirement ratio; IQR, Interquartile Range. a All the analyses took into account the survey sampling design. b Without EBW: BMI < p85; With EBW: BMI ≥ p85 for adolescents [30]. Without EBW: BMI < 25 kg/m2; With EW: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 for adults [31]. Without EBW: BMI < 28 kg/m2; With EBW: BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 for older adults [32]. c Categorical variables were compared using Chi Square tests and continuous variables were compared using Mann-Whitney tests. d Values were adjusted by the number of individual in the household. One MW is approximately 78 US dollars in 2003, 217 US dollars in 2008, and 236 US dollars in 2015.