Table 1.
Summary of Available Schistosomiasis Diagnostic Techniques, their Costs, Commercial Availability, and Manufacturers.
| Diagnostic Method | Cost of Test Per Sample | Manufacturer | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| RDTs | |||
| Hemastix | $0.25 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Ltd., Llanberis, UK | [73] |
| SmCTF-RDT | $1 | BioGlab Ltd., Nottingham, UK | [72,74] |
| Immunoblot | $3.75 | LD-BIO Diagnostics, Lyon, France | [29,74,75,76] |
| POC-CCA | $1.75 | Rapid Medical Diagnostics, Pretoria, South Africa | [69,77] |
| UCP-LF CAA | - | - | [78] |
| ELISA | $1.5 | SCIMEDX, New Jersey, USA | [79] |
| IHA | N/A | Fumouze Laboratories Levallois-Perret, France | [29,79] |
| Microscopy | |||
| Urine filtration | $0.1–0.3 | - | [69] |
| Direct faecal smear | $0.65 | - | [69,80] |
| FECT | - | [69,80] | |
| Kato-Katz | $2.00–2.67 | Sterlitech, Kent, Washington, DC, USA | [19,72] |
| FLOTAC | ~$3 | University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. | [81] |
| Mini-FLOTAC | $2.02 | University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. | [81,82] |
| Molecular diagnostics | |||
| PCR | $6.4–7.7 | Qiagen, Hilden, Germany | [51,82] |
| LAMP | $0.71–2 | New England Biolabs, Hitchin, UK | [83,84] |
| RPA | $5 | TwistDx, Cambridge, UK | [61] |
RDT, rapid diagnostic test; UCP-LF CAA, up-converting phosphor-lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (urine-based); ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHA, indirect haemagglutination assay; FECT, formalin–ether concentration technique; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification; RPA, recombinase polymerase amplification; POC-CCA, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen.