Table 6.
Mean blood values and prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and vitamin D insufficiency in the different dairy consumption groups and odds ratios for having a micronutrient deficiency.
| n | <1 Dairy Consumption/Day | 1 Dairy Consumption/Day | ≥2 Dairy Consumptions/Day | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
| Hb (g/L) | 4149 | 126 a | 0 | 126 a | 0 | 127 a | 0 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 3041 | 48.5 a | 1.6 | 50.2 ab | 1.5 | 55.1 b | 1.4 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) † | 2861 | 45.7 a | 1.4 | 46.4 a | 1.4 | 49.6 a | 1.5 |
| Retinol (μmol/L) | 3024 | 1.15 a | 0.02 | 1.19 a | 0.02 | 1.22 a | 0.02 |
| 25 Hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) | 1987 | 51.6 a | 1.3 | 58.7 b | 1.2 | 57.0 b | 0.9 |
| Anaemia | 13.1 a | 11.6 a | 10.9 a | ||||
| Iron deficiency † | 6.6 a | 4.9 a | 4.1 a | ||||
| Vitamin A deficiency | 7.5 a | 3.9 b | 2.9 b | ||||
| Vitamin D insufficiency | 53.8 a | 39.4 b | 40.6 b | ||||
| ODDS | 95% CI | ODDS | 95% CI | ODDS | 95% CI | ||
| Anaemia | 1 | - | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.1 | |
| Iron deficiency † | 1 | - | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.2 | |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 1 | - | 0.5 * | 0.3, 0.9 | 0.4 * | 0.2, 0.7 | |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 1 | - | 0.5 * | 0.4, 0.7 | 0.6 * | 0.4, 0.8 | |
Hb: haemoglobin. Anaemia is defined as Hb concentrations <110 g/L for subjects <5 years, <115 g/L for subjects aged 5–11.9 years, and <120 g/L for subjects aged ≥12 years. Iron deficiency is defined as serum ferritin concentrations <12 µg/L for children <5 years and <15 µg/L for children ≥5 years. Serum retinol concentration <0.70 µmol/L is an indicator for vitamin A deficiency, whereas 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L was used as an indicator for vitamin D insufficiency. † After correction for inflammation. a,b Different letters in superscript indicate significant difference with other cells in the same row. * p < 0.05. Data are corrected for the confounding effects of age, sex, and residence.