Table 3.
Effects of olive oil-based intravenous lipid emulsions on lipid peroxidation.
| Study | Population | Intervention and Control (n) [Lipid Dose] |
Duration | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro studies | ||||
| Watkins et al., 1998 [55] | In vitro: HT-29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells | Oleic acid Linoleic acid Docosahexaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Arachidonic acid Control |
36 h | ROS production was: oleic acid 6%; linoleic acid 35%, arachidonic acid 94%, eicosapentaenoic acid 40%, and docosahexaenoic acid 429% greater than control |
| Nanhuck et al., 2009 [31] | In vitro: isolated human PBMCs and PMNs | OO SO FO SMOF All ILEs were delivered as 0.01%, 0.02%, or 0.04% |
18 h | In both PMBCs and PMNs, OO and SO consistently showed no effects on LTB4, FO dramatically increased LTB4 in both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated cells Effects on PGE2 were similar, but were not always linear In both PMBCs and PMNs, FO significantly increased lipid peroxide generation, compared with the other ILE and control. SMOF induced a small increase at the highest dose compared with the control, but not the other ILEs |
| Animal studies | ||||
| Fuhrman et al., 2006 [56] | BALB/c mice | Oleic acid Linoleic acid Docosahexaenoic acid OO SO FO Saline |
2 h | Oxidative stress responses increased after intake of all unsaturated fatty acids and oil supplements. However, FO and docosahexaenoic acid induced the greatest increases compared with saline |
| Xu et al., 2016 [54] | Guinea pigs | OO SO FO SMOF |
10 day | MDA levels were increased in the SO, FO, and SMOF groups, with the highest levels seen in the FO group and the lowest seen in the OO group (OO vs. FO; p < 0.05) |
| Adult studies | ||||
| Demirer et al., 2016 [34] | Abdominal surgery (oncology) | OO {100%} (n = 13) (NR) SO + MCT/LCT {75% + 25%} (n = 18) (NR) OO + FO {85% + 15%} (n = 21) (NR) |
≥4 day | TAS decreased slightly in all groups (p = NS) and TBARS increased in all groups, but were lowest in the OO group (p ≤ 0.0015) and remained significant after Bonferroni’s was performed |
| Jia et al., 2015 [20] | ICU | OO (n = 226) (0.8 g/kg/day) SO (n = 232) (0.8 g/kg/day) |
5–14 day | F2-I and MDA were not significantly different from baseline or between groups |
| Onar et al., 2011 [38] | Abdominal surgery (oncology) | OO (n = 10) (0.75 g/kg/day) SO (n = 10) (0.75 g/kg/day) |
7 day | TBARS increased in both groups, no significant difference between groups |
| Olthof et al., 2013 [36] | Long-term PN | OO (n = 20) (NR) Healthy controls (n = 21) |
≥6 months | Total glutathione concentration was not different between groups, oxidized glutathione was higher in PN group (p < 0.001). Lipid peroxidation products, plasma concentrations of vitamin E, and glutathione were not different between groups. Protein carbonyl levels were below detection limits in both groups |
| Reimund et al., 2005 [39] | Long-term PN | OO (n = 14) (31% of calories) | 3 months | Vitamin E and MDA did not change from baseline to 3 months |
| Umpierrez et al., 2012 [40] | ICU | OO (n = 51) (22 kcal/kg/day) SO (n = 49) (22 kcal/kg/day) |
28 day | Markers of oxidative stress were similar between groups at baseline, Day 3, and Day 7 |
| Pediatric studies | ||||
| Goulet et al., 1999 [51] | Long-term PN | OO (n = 9) (1.92 g/kg/day) SO (n = 9) (1.69 g/kg/day) |
Mean >30 months | LV-TBARS (p = 0.0027), the ratio of LDL-TBARS to LDL (p = 0.0262), and the ratio of LV-TBARS to LV (p = 0.0146) were significantly increased in the SO group compared with the OO group |
| Hartman et al., 2009 [62] | Bone marrow transplant | OO (n = 15) (1.1 g/kg/day) MCT/LCT (n = 13) (1.1 g/kg/day) |
14 day | TBARS and vitamin E did not change from baseline and there were no differences between groups |
| Preterm neonate studies | ||||
| Deshpande et al., 2014 [64] | <30 week | OO (n = 17) (18.45 g/kg/day) SMOF (n = 17) (18.25 g/kg/day) |
7 day | F2-I did not change from baseline in the OO group and decreased in the FO group. Difference between groups in change from baseline was significant (p = 0.0372) Vitamin E increased significantly in both groups (OO p = 0.0007, FO p = 0.0004), and the change from baseline was significantly higher for FO than for OO (p = 0.0091) |
| Deshpande et al., 2009 [59] | 23–28 week | OO (n = 24) (1.89 g/kg/day) SO (n = 21) (1.89 g/kg/day) |
5 day | F2-I decreased significantly in both groups (OO p = 0.006, SO p = 0.013), but there was no difference between groups in the change from baseline |
| Koksal et al., 2011 [43] | ≤34 week | OO (n = 32) (up to 3 g/kg/day) SO (n = 32) (up to 3 g/kg/day) |
7 day | TAC decreased in both groups from baseline, but there was no difference between groups |
| Pitkanen et al., 2004 [63] | 28–33 week | OO (0.48 g/kg/day) MCT/LCT (0.48 g/kg/day) |
3 h * | Pentane levels significantly increased in both groups during PN infusion, difference between groups was not significant |
| Roggero et al., 2010 [60] | 28–33 week | OO (n = 12) (up to 3 g/kg/day) SO (n = 12) (up to 3 g/kg/day) MCT/LCT (n = 12) (up to 3 g/kg/day) |
7 day | F2-I and TRAP concentrations were not statistically different within and among the 3 groups at any time of the study. No significant interaction effect between the type of lipid emulsion administered and the repeated values of F2-I and TRAP was found. F2-I values showed a trend to decrease throughout the study in all the 3 groups |
| Unal et al., 2017 [65] | 25–32 week | OO (n = 134) (up to 3 g/kg/day) SMOF (n = 93) (up to 3 g/kg/day) |
Median 7 day | TAC, TOS, and OSI significantly decreased from baseline to Week 3 in both groups (all p < 0.001) |
| Webb et al., 2008 [61] | 25 week–7 day | OO (n = 39) (23.1 kcal/kg/day) SO (n = 40) (24.3 kcal/kg/day) |
5 day | F2-I levels were not different between groups at baseline or Day 5 |
* Patients (n = 13) received a 3-h infusion of each lipid emulsion (in random order) on 2 consecutive days. F2-I—F2-isoprostane; LV—low-density lipoprotein + very low-density lipoprotein; MCT/LCT—medium-chain triglycerides/long-chain triglycerides; MDA—malondialdehyde; OO—olive oil; OSI—oxidative stress index; PBMC—peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PMNs—polymorphonuclear cells; PN—parenteral nutrition; SMOF—soybean oil/MCT/olive oil/fish oil; SO—soybean oil; TAC—total antioxidant capacity; TAS—total antioxidant status; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TOS—total oxidant status; TRAP—total radical-trapping antioxidant potential.