Table 3.
Comparison of the tested parameters in the study groups and the placebo at the beginning of the study and after three months of probiotic (or placebo) supplementation.
| Parameter | High-Dose | Low-Dose | Placebo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After 3 Months | SMD | p Value | Baseline | After 3 Months | SMD | p Value | Baseline | After 3 Months | SMD | p Value | |
| Body mass | 94.46 ± 16.61 | 93.46 ± 14.76 | −0.34 | 0.2173 | 92.92 ± 13.66 | 91.82 ± 13.77 | −0.39 | 0.0795 | 92.81 ± 11.93 | 92.56 ± 12.37 | −0.10 | 0.5937 |
| BMI | 36.57 ± 5.95 | 36.22 ± 5.29 | −0.31 | 0.3165 | 36.00 ± 5.20 | 35.51 ± 5.16 | −0.39 | 0.1209 | 36.10 ± 4.37 | 36.04 ± 4.32 | −0.07 | 0.9612 |
| Waist | 109.84 ± 11.66 | 107.97 ± 10.11 | −0.54 | 0.0199 | 109.65 ± 10.66 | 105.48 ± 11.97 | −1.06 | 0.0001 | 108.9 ± 0.31 | 107.27 ± 7.16 | −0.37 | 0.0888 |
| Fat% | 50.91 ± 6.51 | 49.54 ± 8.45 | −0.41 | 0.1298 | 51.52 ± 5.34 | 50.41 ± 5.60 | −0.54 | 0.0103 | 52.85 ± 6.93 | 51.38 ± 7.19 | −0.40 | 0.0544 |
| Fat (kg) | 48.48 ± 13.97 | 46.81 ± 14.26 | −0.22 | 0.0397 | 48.22 ± 11.38 | 46.63 ± 10.53 | −0.62 | 0.0099 | 48.79 ± 11.02 | 47.75 ± 11.24 | −0.29 | 0.0779 |
| FFM% | 46.88 ± 8.03 | 46.46 ± 10.41 | −0.09 | 0.6649 | 47.06 ± 6.25 | 46.66 ± 7.02 | −0.16 | 0.3948 | 44.91 ± 8.09 | 45.10 ± 9.35 | 0.06 | 0.4118 |
| FMM (kg) | 45.95 ± 5.93 | 45.60 ± 6.82 | −0.08 | 0.7361 | 44.70 ± 4.57 | 43.93 ± 4.36 | −0.30 | 0.1870 | 43.03 ± 7.39 | 43.19 ± 9.68 | 0.04 | 0.4852 |
| TBW% | 37.25 ± 5.19 | 37.83 ± 7.87 | 0.11 | 0.6389 | 36.61 ± 4.04 | 36.75 ± 4.07 | 0.08 | 0.7097 | 35.81 ± 5.80 | 36.27 ± 6.62 | 0.14 | 0.9095 |
| TBW (Itr) | 35.01 ± 5.11 | 35.24 ± 6.41 | 0.05 | 0.5901 | 33.77 ± 3.56 | 33.44 ± 3.91 | −0.15 | 0.4928 | 33.08 ± 6.22 | 34.10 ± 7.97 | 0.26 | 0.4455 |
| FFMH% | 76.35 ± 3.33 | 77.86 ± 3.68 | 0.39 | 0.0129 | 75.70 ± 2.50 | 76.03 ± 3.94 | 0.19 | 0.4556 | 77.07 ± 3.05 | 77.54 ± 3.39 | 0.30 | 0.1492 |
| Visceral fat (%) | 206.38 ± 66.91 | 208.71 ± 66.91 | 0.03 | 0.8176 | 218.36 ± 79.02 | 192.86 ± 62.38 | −0.58 | 0.0336 | 223.77 ± 69.17 | 212.14 ± 56.93 | −0.23 | 0.2514 |
| Subcutaneous fat (%) | 297.43 ± 81.90 | 229.29 ± 65.30 | −0.83 | 0.0002 | 278.41 ± 88.98 | 225.50 ± 59.93 | −0.99 | 0.0022 | 291.27 ± 65.79 | 241.77 ± 67.28 | −0.34 | 0.0700 |
| Uric acid (mmo/L) | 6.02 ± 0.71 | 5.35 ± 0.91 | −0.87 | 0.0001 | 5.26 ± 1.04 | 5.28 ± 1.09 | 0.04 | 0.8401 | 5.52 ± 1.23 | 5.40 ± 1.02 | −0.19 | 0.4004 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 218.56 ± 32.75 | 202.56 ± 30.76 | −0.57 | 0.0019 | 222.27 ± 43.45 | 211.50 ± 41.39 | −0.49 | 0.0124 | 203.60 ± 35.21 | 198.08 ± 37.86 | −0.18 | 0.3259 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.48 ± 10.71 | 54.68 ± 8.63 | 0.22 | 0.1295 | 58.27 ± 11.96 | 58.50 ± 11.34 | 0.02 | 0.8639 | 52.32 ± 9.93 | 55.48 ± 10.76 | 0.40 | 0.0511 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 165.04 ± 78.15 | 153.40 ± 55.63 | −0.43 | 0.0140 | 134.12 ± 45.98 | 123.88 ± 39.51 | −0.37 | 0.0959 | 141.76 ± 62.88 | 135.72 ± 69.01 | −0.19 | 0.3002 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.40 ± 31.86 | 114.64 ± 37.16 | −0.41 | 0.0149 | 129.38 ± 46.81 | 121.15 ± 40.62 | −0.59 | 0.0168 | 113.28 ± 35.25 | 115.92 ± 33.47 | 0.19 | 0.3732 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.60 ± 5.97 | 90.79 ± 8.82 | −0.94 | 0.0001 | 92.81 ± 9.72 | 92.38 ± 12.29 | −0.04 | 0.8484 | 96.32 ± 14.35 | 94.92 ± 8.24 | −0.18 | 0.6373 |
| INS (IU/L) | 35.74 ± 12.05 | 27.73 ± 9.23 | −0.72 | 0.0002 | 28.22 ± 10.55 | 23.93 ± 8.97 | −0.76 | 0.0007 | 29.28 ± 9.87 | 29.58 ± 8.39 | 0.05 | 0.8119 |
| HOMA-IR | 8,69 ± 3.00 | 6.32 ± 2.47 | −0.82 | 0.0001 | 6.49 ± 2.59 | 5.50 ± 2.27 | −0.54 | 0.0194 | 6.92 ± 2.46 | 6.94 ± 2.15 | 0.01 | 0.9406 |
| LPS (ng/mL) | 13.01 ± 5.22 | 10.39 ± 5.54 | −0.77 | 0.0008 | 12.28 ± 6.71 | 11.95 ± 6.84 | −0.09 | 0.2414 | 10.73 ± 3.32 | 11.0 ± 3.49 | 0.17 | 0.5104 |
Significant differences (p value) are highlighted in bold. The data are arithmetic mean ± SD; SMD, standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; Waist–waist circumference, FFM, fat-free mass; TBW, total body water, FFMH, fat-free mass hydration; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; INS, insulin; and HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistant index.