Table 4.
Changes in anthropometric and biochemical variables in the high-dose, low-dose, and placebo groups after three months. Significant differences are highlighted in bold.
| Variable | Group | Mean ± SD | p-Value | SMD | p-Value Post-Hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Δ Body mass (kg) | High-Dose | −0.99 ± 3.37 | 0.8611 | −0.26 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −1.10 ± 3.07 | −0.31 † | |||
| Placebo | −0.25 ± 2.28 | 0.03 # | |||
| Δ BMI (kg/m2) | High-Dose | −0.35 ± 1.29 | 0.6960 | −0.26 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −0.49 ± 1.29 | −0.38 † | |||
| Placebo | −0.06 ± 0.87 | 0.11 # | |||
| Δ Waist circumference (cm) | High-Dose | −1.90 ± 3.81 | 0.1777 | −0.06 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −4.17 ± 4.05 | −0.58 † | |||
| Placebo | −1.67 ± 4.27 | 0.55 # | |||
| Δ Fat (%) | High-Dose | −1.37 ± 4.36 | 0.9704 | −0.68 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −1.10 ± 2.03 | −0.84 † | |||
| Placebo | 1.46 ± 3.37 | −0.08 # | |||
| Δ Fat (kg) | High-Dose | −1.67 ± 4.49 | 0.7858 | −0.17 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −1.59 ± 2.65 | −0.21 † | |||
| Placebo | −1.03 ± 2.62 | −0.02 # | |||
| Δ FFM (%) | High-Dose | −0.42 ± 4.79 | 0.5319 | −0.15 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −0.40 ± 2.37 | −0.20 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.19 ± 3.33 | −0.01 # | |||
| Δ FMM (kg) | High-Dose | −0.35 ± 4.67 | 0.9471 | −0.11 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −0.76 ± 2.63 | −0.25 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.15 ± 4.28 | 0.11 # | |||
| Δ TBW (%) | High-Dose | 0.58 ± 5.72 | 0.5381 | 0.03 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | 0.14 ± 1.78 | −0.12 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.46 ± 3.19 | 0.10 # | |||
| Δ TBW (Itr) | High-Dose | 0.23 ± 5.06 | 0.5598 | −0.17 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −0.32 ± 2.17 | −0.41 † | |||
| Placebo | 1.02 ± 4.03 | 0.14 # | |||
| Δ FFMH (%) | High-Dose | 1.51 ± 3.52 | 0.2750 | 0.38 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | 0.33 ± 2.06 | −0.08 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.47 ± 1.54 | 0.40 # | |||
| Δ Visceral fat (%) | High-dose | 2.33 ± 45.76 | 0.2281 | 0.26 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −25.50 ± 52.61 | −0.25 † | |||
| Placebo | −11.64 ± 57.93 | 0.54 # | |||
| Δ Subcutaneous fat (%) | High-Dose | −68.14 ± 67.54 | 0.3664 | −0.25 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −52.91 ± 71.20 | −0.05 † | |||
| Placebo | −49.50 ± 77.63 | −0.22 # | |||
| Δ Uric acid (mmol/L) | High-Dose | −0.68 ± 0.71 | 0.0009 | −0.73 * | * 0.0109 # 0.0016 |
| Low-Dose | −0.02 ± 0.55 | 0.16 † | |||
| Placebo | −0.12 ± 0.72 | −0.92 # | |||
| Δ TC (mgl/dL) | High-Dose | −16.00 ± 29.24 | 0.1164 | −0.36 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −10.77 ± 22.63 | −0.21 † | |||
| Placebo | −5.52 ± 27.52 | −0.20 # | |||
| Δ HDL (mg/dL) | High-Dose | 2.20 ± 7.01 | 0.4023 | −0.13 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | 0.23 ± 13.79 | −0.26 † | |||
| Placebo | 3.16 ± 7.70 | 0.18 # | |||
| Δ TG (mg/dL) | High-Dose | −11.64 ± 39.43 | 0.7958 | −0.16 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −10.23 ± 30.15 | −0.14 † | |||
| Placebo | −6.04 ± 31.46 | −0.04 # | |||
| Δ LDL (mg/dL) | High-Dose | −4.76 ± 12.21 | 0.6503 | −0.16 * | ns |
| Low-Dose | −8.23 ± 16.37 | −0.36 † | |||
| Placebo | −2.64 ± 14.55 | 0.24 # | |||
| Δ Glucose (mg/dL) | High-Dose | −7.67 ± 6.88 | 0.0033 | −0.61 * | * 0.0272 # 0.0043 |
| Low-Dose | −0.42 ± 11.17 | 0.08 † | |||
| Placebo | −1.40 ± 11.86 | −0.72 # | |||
| Δ INS (UI/L) | High-Dose | −8.01 ± 11.30 | 0.0001 | −0.83 * | * 0.0002 # 0.0155 |
| Low-Dose | −4.29 ± 6.40 | −0.68 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.30 ± 6.32 | −0.40 # | |||
| Δ HOMA-IR | High-Dose | −2.35 ± 2.77 | 0.0001 | −0.90 * | * 0.0005 # 0.0127 |
| Low-Dose | −0.99 ± 2.01 | −0.51 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.03 ± 1.86 | −0.54 # | |||
| Δ LPS (ng/mL) | High-Dose | −2.62 ± 3.26 | 0.0002 | −0.99 * | * 0.001 |
| Low-Dose | −0.33 ± 3.74 | −0.21 † | |||
| Placebo | 0.27 ± 1.60 | −0.62 # |
* High-dose vs. placebo; † Low-dose vs. placebo; # High-dose vs. low-dose. Significant differences (p value) are highlighted in bold. The data are arithmetic mean ± SD; BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; TBW, total body water, FFMH, fat-free mass hydration; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; INS, insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistant index, LPS, lipopolysaccharide, SMD, standardized mean difference; ns–not significant.