Table 2.
Source-apportionment studie s that compared the health effects of different source-specific PM2.5 within studies.
| Ref. | Method Used to Identify Source-Specific PM | Health Outcomes Investigated | Relative Risk Associated with an Increase in PM2.5 (95% Confidence Interval) 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Traffic | Coal-Fired Power Stations (Secondary Sulphate) | Diesel Exhaust | Wood Smoke | Crustal Dust (Soil) | All (Total Mass) | ||
| [56] | Factor analysis to identify up to 5 common factors from 15 specified elements | Daily all-cause mortality per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 | 1.03 (no CI’s) | 1.05 (no CI’s) | ||||
| [58] | Factor analysis to identify up to 5 common factors from 15 specified elements | Daily all-cause mortality per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 | 1.034 (1.017–1.052) | 1.011 (1.003–1.020) | 0.977 (0.942–1.012) | 1.016 (1.011–1.021) | ||
| [55] | Positive matrix factorization | Daily cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions per 5–95th percentile increase in PM2.5 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) 2 (cardiovascular) 1.01 (0.97–1.06) 2 (respiratory) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05)2 (cardiovascular) 1.03 (0.97–1.09) 2 (respiratory) | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) 2 (cardiovascular) 1.02 (0.96–1.09) 2 (respiratory) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) 2 (cardiovascular) 1.05 (1.00–1.10) 2 (respiratory) | ||
| [57] | Positive matrix factorization | Daily all-cause and cardiovascular mortality per IQR increase in PM2.5 | 1.056 (1.018–1.095) (all-cause) 1.103 (1.033–1.178) (cardiovascular) | 1.019 (0.975–1.065) (all-cause) 1.072 (1.014–1.133) (cardiovascular) | 1.019 (1.008–1.031) (all-cause) 1.039 (1.019–1.060) (cardiovascular) | |||
| [54] | Positive matrix factorization | Daily all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality per IQR increase in PM2.5 | 1.005 (0.993–1.017) (all-cause) 1.008 (0.986–1.031) (cardiovascular) 1.055 (1.005–1.107) (respiratory) | 1.005 (0.995–1.014) (all-cause) 1.010 (0.991–1.029) (cardiovascular) 1.021 (0.983–1.061) (respiratory) | 1.006 (0.991–1.020) (all-cause) 1.009 (0.981–1.037) (cardiovascular) 1.067 (1.002–1.137) (respiratory) | 1.001 (0.997–1.006) (all-cause) 1.003 (0.994–1.013) (cardiovascular) 1.016 (0.997–1.035) (respiratory) | 1.005 (0.992–1.019) (all-cause) 1.028 (1.002–1.054) (cardiovascular) 1.021 (0.972–1.071) (respiratory) | |
| [72] | Positive matrix factorization | Daily cardiovascular and respiratory emergency department (ED) visits per IQR increase in PM2.5 | 1.022 (1.012–1.032) 2 (cardiovascular) 0.999 (0.993–1.007)2 (respiratory) | 1.004 (0.992–1.021) 2 (cardiovascular) 1.015 (1.002–1.028) 2 (respiratory) | 1.030 (1.017–1.039) 2 (cardiovascular) 0.997 (0.991–1.005) 2 (respiratory) | 1.029 (1.018–1.037) 2 (cardiovascular) 0.999 (0.993–1.006) 2 (respiratory) | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) 2 (cardiovascular) 0.998 (0.993–1.003) 2 (respiratory) | 1.025 (1.008–1.041) 2 (cardiovascular) 1.007 (0.996–1.019) 2 (respiratory) |
| [69] | Various multivariate factor analysis based receptor models | Daily all-cause and cardiovascular mortality per 5–95th percentile increase in PM2.5 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) 2 (all-cause) 1.05 (0.97–1.11) 2 (cardiovascular) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) 2 (all-cause) 1.07 (0.99–1.14) 2 (cardiovascular) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) 2 (all-cause) 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 2 (cardiovascular) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) 2 (all-cause) 1.04 (1.00–1.07) 2 (cardiovascular) | ||
| [70] | Various multivariate factor analysis based receptor models | Daily all-cause and cardiovascular mortality per 5–95th percentile increase in PM2.5 | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) 2 (all-cause) 1.13 (0.97–1.29) 2 (cardiovascular) | 1.03 (0.92–1.13) 2 (all-cause) 1.16 (1.00–1.31) 2 (cardiovascular) | 1.02 (0.93–1.10) 2 (all-cause) 1.09 (0.96–1.21) 2 (cardiovascular) | 1.01 (0.90–1.11) 2 (all-cause) 1.01 (0.85–1.16) 2 (cardiovascular) | Not reported (all-cause) 1.150 (1.015–1.303) (cardiovascular) | |
| [71] | Multivariate factor analysis of elemental data with source modeling | All-cause, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and respiratory mortality per IQR increase in PM2.5 | 1.032 (1.021–1.042) 2 (all-cause) 1.013 (0.987–1.039) 2 (IHD) 1.09 (1.05–1.13) 2 (respiratory) | 1.008 (1.001–1.015) 2 (all-cause) 1.042 (1.024–1.060) 2 (IHD) 0.95 (0.92–0.97) 2 (respiratory) | 1.000 (0.993–1.006) 2 (all-cause) 1.000 (0.986–1.012) 2 (IHD) 1.02 (1.00–1.04) 2 (respiratory) | |||
1 Results are only shown for the emission sources covered by this review. Where a study examined the change in health outcome risk over several days of lag after the exposure to PM2.5, the result that is shown corresponds to the lag for which there was the maximum increase in the health outcome. 2 Values are approximations read from figures in the respective references.