Table 4.
Adjusted hazard ratios of stroke in relation to various classes of prescribed Chinese herbal medicines.
| Formula Classified by Actions on the Body | Ischemic Stroke | Hemorrhagic Stroke | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Events | Incidence * | Hazard Ratio † (95% CI) | No. of Events | Incidence * | Hazard Ratio † (95% CI) | |
| Tonic formulas | 87 | 23.0 | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 8 | 2.1 | 0.67 (0.33–1.37) |
| Heat-clearing formulas | 48 | 20.1 | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 7 | 2.9 | 0.98 (0.46–2.09) |
| Blood-regulating formulas | 55 | 21.9 | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 11 | 4.4 | 1.49 (0.81–2.74) |
| Exterior-releasing formulas | 50 | 20.5 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 8 | 3.3 | 1.11 (0.55–2.26) |
| Wind-dampness-dispelling formulas | 62 | 25.5 | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 13 | 5.3 | 1.80 (1.02–3.16) |
| Dryness-relieving formulas | 44 | 18.7 | 0.83 (0.61–1.12) | 7 | 3.0 | 0.91 (0.43–1.93) |
| Harmonizing formulas | 38 | 17.9 | 0.86 (0.63–1.19) | 9 | 4.2 | 1.46 (0.75–2.85) |
| Phlegm-dispelling formulas | 33 | 19.8 | 0.94 (0.66–1.33) | 10 | 6.0 | 2.02 (1.07–3.83) |
| Dampness-dispelling formulas | 35 | 24.5 | 1.14 (0.81–1.59) | 8 | 5.6 | 1.83 (0.90–3.72) |
| Downward draining formulas | 29 | 17.7 | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) | 5 | 3.0 | 1.01 (0.42–2.45) |
| Exterior- and interior-releasing formulas | 22 | 13.8 | 0.66 (0.44–1.01) | 6 | 3.8 | 1.30 (0.57–2.93) |
| Sedative formulas | 37 | 25.4 | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) | 7 | 4.8 | 1.58 (0.74–3.36) |
| Cold-dispelling formulas | 14 | 19.4 | 0.91 (0.54–1.55) | 2 | 2.8 | 0.91 (0.22–3.65) |
| Qi-regulating formulas | 10 | 16.2 | 0.72 (0.39–1.34) | 2 | 3.2 | 0.96 (0.24–3.86) |
| Formulas that treat abscesses and sores | 4 | 20.2 | 0.91 (0.34–2.43) | 2 | 10.1 | 3.13 (0.77–12.7) |
| Summer heat-clearing formulas | 18 | 23.4 | 1.04 (0.65–1.65) | 4 | 5.2 | 1.65 (0.61–4.44) |
| Astringent formulas | 6 | 17.1 | 0.73 (0.33–1.64) | 2 | 5.7 | 1.64 (0.41–6.64) |
| Purgative formulas | 5 | 21.1 | 0.89 (0.37–2.13) | 0 | 0 | |
| Formulas for menstruation and childbirth | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
* per 100,000 person-years. † The models were adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and number of inpatient visits.