Table 1.
Concentrations of antibiotic residues measured in different seasons in waters of the Kshipra River in India.
| River Water Samples | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic | Summer (N = 14) | Rain (N = 14) | Autumn (N = 14) | Winter (N = 14) | p-Value | ||||
| n | Mean (Range) µg/L | n | Mean (Range) µg/L | n | Mean (Range) µg/L | n | Mean (Range) µg/L | ||
| Ceftriaxone | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | - |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | - |
| Norfloxacin | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 6 | 0.66 (0–0.98) | 0 | BDL | - |
| Ofloxacin | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 7 | 0.99 (0.64–1.46) | 0 | BDL | - |
| Metronidazole | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | 0 | BDL | - |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 14 | 1.39 (0.24–2.21) | 4 | 0.04 (0–0.17) | 7 | 2.75 (1.05–4.66) | 7 | 2.18 (0.5–3.47) | <0.0001 * |
| Total Residual Antibiotics as Beta Lactam | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Present (>5 ppb) | 7 (50) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | ||||
Abbreviations: BDL; below detection limit. Note: p-value are extracted from ANOVA; N = number of samples collected; n = number of samples with detected antibiotic residues. * adjusted for pH, water temperature, Carbonate Alkalinity, Bicarbonate Alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Total Coliform and Total E. coli.