Table 3.
Antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance patterns of E. coli isolated from river water samples in different seasons from the Kshipra River in India.
| River Water Samples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic | Summer N = 70 * | Rain N = 80 ** | Autumn N = 70 *** | Winter N = 83 **** | p-Value |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Ampicillin | 12 (17) | 27 (33) | 32 (45) | 33 (39) | 0.002 |
| Cefotaxime | 14 (20) | 15 (18) | 14 (20) | 24 (28) | 0.4 |
| Ceftazidime | 10 (14) | 12 (15) | 15 (21) | 13 (15) | 0.7 |
| Cefepime | 0 (0) | 6 (7) | 10 (14) | 9 (10) | 0.004 |
| Ceftriaxone | 9 (12) | - | - | - | - |
| Imipenem | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | 0.5 |
| Meropenem | 7 (10) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | 22 (26) | <0.0001 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 4 (5) | 7 (8) | 10 (14) | 12 (14) | 0.2 |
| Nalidixic acid | 8 (11) | 11 (13) | 16 (22) | 21 (25) | 0.08 |
| Amikacin | 13 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (15) | <0.0001 |
| Gentamicin | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 8 (9) | 0.007 |
| Nitrofurantoin | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 3 (4) | 5 (6) | 0.2 |
| Tetracycline | 3 (4) | 10 (12) | 12 (17) | 11 (13) | 0.09 |
| Tigecycline | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (8) | 0.0002 |
| Sulfamethizole | 5 (7) | 11 (13) | 12 (17) | 7 (8) | 0.2 |
| Co-trimoxazole | 4 (5) | 11 (13) | 11 (15) | 9 (10) | 0.3 |
| Colistin | 0 (00) | - | - | - | - |
| ESBL | 7 (8) | 10 (11) | 10 (12) | 5 (6) | 0.4 |
| MDR | 2 (2) | 15 (17) | 19 (24) | 20 (23) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: ESBL; Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, MDR; multidrug resistance. Note: p-value are extracted from Fisher test; N = number of samples detected; n: =number of test bacterial isolates; * n = 84 for MDR and ESBL; ** n = 0 for colistin and ceftriaxone, n = 84 for MDR and ESBL; *** n = 0 for colistin and ceftriaxone, n = 78 for MDR and ESBL; **** n = 0 for colistin and ceftriaxone, n = 84 for MDR and ESBL; Not done.