Figure 4.

Possible molecular mechanism of microalgal drug loaded nanoformulation in cancer therapy via mitochondrial-induced apoptotic pathway. (a) Attachment od microalgal drug loaded nanoformulation to cell membrane; (b) activation of p53 protein pathway; (c) activation of apoptotic proteins; (d) mitochondrial membrane leakage; (e) release of Cyt-C proteins; (f) activation of CaSpase3; (g) cleavage of nucleus membrane; (h) fragmentation of DNA strands; (i) upregulation of apoptosis inducer genes; (j) downregulation of anti-apoptotic gene; and (k) cell zeiosis (blebbing).