Figure 3.

Induction and consequences of ER stress in insulin resistance and diabetes. In diabetes, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity induce ER stress in several cell types. Inflammation is another inducer of ER stress. In beta cells, intense insulin production leads to misfolded insulin and hIAPP aggregates, which induce ER stress. ER stress triggers various responses, including inflammation, IR, apoptosis, decrease of insulin secretion, and increase of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, depending on the considered cell type.