4-PBA	4-phenylbutyrate
ALDH	Aldehyde dehydrogenase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AP1	Activator protein 1
ApoE	Apolipoprotein E
ASK1	Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase
ATF	Activating transcription factor
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BCL	B-cell lymphoma
BI-1	Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1)
C/EBP	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
CD36	cluster of differentiation 36
CNPY2	Canopy homolog 2
CREBH	Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, hepatocyte-specific
Cyt c	Cytochrome c
DKK1	Dickkopf1
ECs	Endothelial cells
eIF2α	Eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
ER	Endoplasmic Reticulum
ERAD	ER-associated degradation
FA	Fatty acids
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
GABA	Gamma-Aminobutyric acid
GADD153 or CHOP	C/EBPα-homologous protein
GLUT	glucose transporter
GM-CSF	Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
GRP78	78 KDa glucose-regulated proteins
GSIS	Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
GSK	Glycogen synthase kinase
HDAC	Histone deacetylases
Herpud1	Homocysteine inducible ER protein with ubiquitin like domain 1
HFD	High fat diet
hIAPP	Human islet amyloid polypeptide
HNAs	Hydroxynaphthoic acids
HNF4α	Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
HSPA5	Heat shock 70 kDa protein 5
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IAPP	Islet amyloid polypeptide
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
IGF1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
IKKβ	IκB kinase β
IL	interleukin
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
INS1 cells	Insulin-secreting cell lines
IP3Rs	Inositol trisphosphate receptors
IR	Insulin resistance
IRE1α	Inositol- requiring enzyme 1α
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate-1
ISRIB	Integrated stress response inhibitor
JAK	Janus kinase
JNK	JUN N-terminal kinase
LDL	Low density lipoprotein
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAM	Mitochondria-associated ER membrane
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MIDY	Mutant insulin INS gene-induced diabetes of youth
mTORC1	Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Nfe2L1	Nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 1
NFκB	Nuclear factor κB
NLRP	NOD-like receptor family and pyrin domain
NO	Nitric oxide
NOX4	NADPH oxidase 4
Nrf1	Nuclear respiratory factor 1
PBMCs	Peripheral blood monocytes
PC	Phosphatidylcholine
PDI	Protein disulfide isomerase
PE	Phosphatidylethanolamine
PERK	RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
PKA	Protein kinase A
PKC	protein kinase C
PM	Plasma membrane
PMCA	Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
POMC	Pro-opiomelanocortin
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
PVAT	Perivascular adipose tissue
RIPK1	Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1
RORα	receptor-related orphan receptor α
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SERCA	Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase
SIRT3	Sirtuin-3
SPCA	Secretory Pathway Calcium ATPase
SREBP	Sterol regulatory element-binding protein
STAT	Signal transducer and activator of transcription
T1D	Type 1 diabetes
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TA	Transactivation domain
TCA cycle	Tricarboxylic acid cycle
TLR2	Toll-like Receptor 2
TMAO	Trimethylamine N-oxide
TNFα	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TRAF2	TNF receptor–associated factor 2
TUDCA	Tauroursodeoxycholic acid
uORF	Upstream Open Reading Frame
UPR	Unfolded protein response
VLDL	Very low-density lipoprotein
VLDLR	VLDL receptor
VSMCs	Vascular smooth muscle cells
XBP1	X-box binding protein 1
YAP1	Yes-associated protein 1