Table 4.
Associations of childhood pneumonia with residential traffic in the logistic regression analyses in the subgroups, stratified by the child’s sex, bedroom floor level, and bedroom ventilation habit.
| Indictors for Residential Traffic | OR, 95%CI (p-Value) [p-Value for Interaction] a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted Model 1 b | Adjusted Model 2 c | |
| 1. Main traffic road near residence within 200 m (yes vs. no) | |||
| Stratified by the child’s sex | |||
| Boys | 1.42, 1.19–1.71 (<0.001) | 1.32, 1.09–1.60 (0.005) | 1.27, 1.04–1.55 (0.018) |
| Girls | 1.18, 1.00–1.40 (0.055) [0.009] | 1.15, 0.96–1.38 (0.124) [0.035] | 1.14, 0.94–1.37 (0.176) [0.058] |
| Stratified by bedroom floor level | |||
| 1st–3rd floors | 1.37, 1.14–1.63 (0.001) | 1.29, 1.06–1.56 (0.010) | 1.27, 1.04–1.54 (0.019) |
| 4th–6th floors | 1.24, 1.01–1.52 (0.039) | 1.18, 0.95–1.47 (0.130) | 1.15, 0.92–1.43 (0.228) |
| ≥7th floors | 1.14, 0.79–1.63 (0.494) [0.015] | 1.09, 0.73–1.61 (0.681) [0.124] | 1.08, 0.73–1.60 (0.683) [0.197] |
| Stratified by bedroom ventilation habit (open the bedroom windows during night) | |||
| Often | 1.26, 1.01–1.59 (0.047) | 1.16, 0.90–1.49 (0.257) | 1.22, 0.93–1.61 (0.142) |
| Not often | 1.29, 1.11–1.49 (0.001) [0.012] | 1.23, 1.05–1.44 (0.011) [0.013] | 1.21, 1.03–1.42 (0.022) [0.083] |
| 2. Filling station near residence within 200 m (yes vs. no) | |||
| Stratified by the child’s sex | |||
| Boys | 1.41, 0.96–2.06 (0.078) | 1.42, 0.95–2.14 (0.087) | 1.37, 0.90–2.08 (0.137) |
| Girls | 1.08, 0.69–1.70 (0.724) [0.049] | 0.98, 0.60–1.61 (0.928) [0.082] | 0.96, 0.58–1.60 (0.885) [0.093] |
| Stratified by bedroom floor level | |||
| 1st–3rd floors | 1.17, 0.76–1.81 (0.472) | 1.05, 0.65–1.69 (0.848) | 0.93, 0.57–1.51 (0.758) |
| 4th–6th floors | 1.18, 0.74–1.87 (0.483) | 1.23, 0.75–2.02 (0.422) | 1.21, 0.72–2.02 (0.467) |
| ≥7th floors | 1.28, 0.59–2.81 (0.530) [0.243] | 1.34, 0.56–3.17 (0.511) [0.309] | 1.31, 0.56–3.10 (0.533) [0.241] |
| Stratified by bedroom ventilation habit (open the bedroom windows during night) | |||
| Often | 1.14, 0.80–1.63 (0.470) | 1.12, 0.77–1.65 (0.553) | 1.10, 0.74–1.63 (0.626) |
| Not often | 1.75, 1.07–2.87 (0.026) [0.002] | 1.42, 0.82–2.45 (0.209) [0.700] | 1.33, 0.76–2.33 (0.310) [0.678] |
| 3. Automobile 4S shop near residence within 200 m (yes vs. no) | |||
| Stratified by the child’s sex | |||
| Boys | 2.09, 1.27–3.44 (0.003) | 2.55, 1.49–4.38 (0.001) | 2.12, 1.22–3.69 (0.008) |
| Girls | 0.88, 0.45–1.73 (0.705) [0.002] | 1.05, 0.52–2.12 (0.883) [<0.001] | 0.87, 0.43–1.78 (0.702) [0.005] |
| Stratified by bedroom floor level | |||
| 1st–3rd floors | 1.07, 0.59–1.95 (0.821) | 0.95, 0.48–1.90 (0.884) | 0.73, 0.36–1.49 (0.389) |
| 4th–6th floors | 2.49, 1.36–4.58 (0.002) | 2.77, 1.49–5.16 (0.001) | 2.47, 1.31–4.68 (0.005) |
| ≥7th floors | 2.04, 0.61–6.79 (0.235) [0.002] | 3.62, 0.83–15.85 (0.088) [<0.001] | 3.63, 0.83–15.87 (0.087) [0.002] |
| Stratified by bedroom ventilation habit (open the bedroom windows during night) | |||
| Often | 1.26, 0.75–2.10 (0.388) | 1.47, 0.84–2.57 (0.178) | 1.17, 0.66–2.08 (0.583) |
| Not often | 1.99, 1.08–3.69 (0.026) [0.008] | 1.81, 0.94–3.50 (0.076) [0.016] | 1.60, 0.81–3.16 (0.172) [0.068] |
| 4. Ground car park in the residential community (yes vs. no) | |||
| Stratified by the child’s sex | |||
| Boys | 1.46, 1.21–1.77 (<0.001) | 1.26, 1.03–1.54 (0.022) | 1.22, 1.01–1.49 (0.044) |
| Girls | 1.39, 1.16–1.66 (<0.001) [<0.001] | 1.22, 1.01–1.48 (0.040) [0.007] | 1.21, 0.98–1.49 (0.075) [0.022] |
| Stratified by bedroom floor level | |||
| 1st–3rd floors | 1.48, 1.23–1.77 (<0.001) | 1.34, 1.10–1.63 (0.003) | 1.25, 1.02–1.53 (0.035) |
| 4th–6th floors | 1.22, 0.98–1.52 (0.075) | 1.05, 0.83–1.33 (0.679) | 1.12, 0.88–1.43 (0.344) |
| ≥7th floors | 1.29, 0.84–1.99 (0.250) [0.013] | 1.09, 0.68–1.75 (0.718) [0.293] | 1.08, 0.68–1.74 (0.735) [0.330] |
| Stratified by bedroom ventilation habit (open the bedroom windows during night) | |||
| Often | 1.31, 1.12–1.52 (0.001) | 1.16, 0.98–1.37 (0.079) | 1.14, 0.96–1.35 (0.127) |
| Not often | 1.71, 1.34–2.18 (<0.001) [0.017] | 1.38, 1.06–1.80 (0.016) [0.042] | 1.38, 1.06–1.81 (0.018) [0.035] |
a OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Bold indicates significance (p-value < 0.05). b Multivariate logistic regression analyses with adjustment for the child’s sex (excluded when the subgroups were stratified by the child’s sex), age, residence-located area, family history of atopy, residence ownership, breastfeeding duration, household dampness-related exposures, household ETS, and household renovation during early lifetime. c Two-level (kindergarten-child) logistic regression analyses with adjustment for the child’s sex (excluded when the subgroups were stratified by the child’s sex), age, family history of atopy, residence ownership, breastfeeding duration, household dampness-related exposures, household ETS, and household renovation during early lifetime.