Table 3.
Concentrations of circulating glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, and GLP-1.
| Baseline | Week 8 | p † | p ‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.56 | |||||
| Cod-PC | 5.4 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0.48 | |
| Cod-PCW | 5.2 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 0.55 | |
| Control | 5.7 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 0.7 | 0.42 | |
| Glucose 120 min (mmol/L) | 0.29 | |||||
| Cod-PC | 5.1 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 0.022 | |
| Cod-PCW | 4.8 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 0.90 | |
| Control | 5.5 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 0.9 | 0.66 | |
| NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.065 | |||||
| Cod-PC | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.017 | |
| Cod-PCW | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.48 | |
| Control | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.93 | |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 0.053 | |||||
| Cod-PC | 85.8 | 35.6 | 97.0 | 36.8 | 0.014 | |
| Cod-PCW | 92.0 | 37.7 | 92.0 | 37.7 | 0.99 | |
| Control | 111.8 | 54.9 | 109.6 | 61.0 | 0.49 | |
| Insulin 120 min (pmol/L) | 0.95 | |||||
| Cod-PC | 315.8 | 159.5 | 311.3 | 180.2 | 0.88 | |
| Cod-PCW | 270.8 | 144.7 | 278.9 | 136.1 | 0.83 | |
| Control | 417.7 | 264.1 | 409.3 | 229.9 | 0.86 | |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 0.90 | |||||
| Cod-PC | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 0.15 | |
| Cod-PCW | 2.7 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 0.17 | |
| Control | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 0.11 | |
Cod-PC, cod presscake meal; Cod-PCW, cod presscake and stickwater meal; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1. Data presented as mean and standard deviation. The groups were similar at baseline (one-way ANOVA). Fasting serum concentrations are presented for 16 participants in the Cod-PC group, 14 participants in the Cod-PCW group, and 12 participants in the control group. Insulin and GLP-1 were not normally distributed and were log-transformed prior to testing. † Within-group changes were tested using a paired sample T-test. ‡ Within-group changes were compared between groups using one-way ANOVA. p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.