Table 3.
List of antibiotics used and the number of reports of each antimicrobial resistance.
| Antibiotics in Peer-Reviewed Studies (n) | Class | Generation | Number of Reports & Category of Resistance Level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very High | High | Low | Very Low | No | Total | |||
| Amikacin (AMK) (5) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 1 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 17 |
| Amoxicillin (AMX) (10) | β-lactam | 3 | 17 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 40 |
| Amoxycillin-clavunanic acid (AMC) (23) | β-lactam + | 4 | 18 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 45 |
| Ampicillin (AMP) (20) | β-lactam | 3 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 47 |
| Ampicillin-cloxacillin (APX) (3) | β-lactam | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 18 |
| Ampicillin-sulbactam (AMS) (1) | β-lactam + | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Apramycin (APR) (5) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| Aztreonam(AZT) (5) | β-lactam | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 15 |
| Cabenicillin (CBN) (3) | β-lactam | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
| Cefalexin (CLX) (1) | β-lactam | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Cefalotin (CLT) (3) | β-lactam | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| Cefazoline (CFZ) (1) | β-lactam | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Cefepime (CFP) (3) | β-lactam | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 7 |
| Cefixime (CFX) (1) | β-lactam | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Cefoperazone (CPZ) (1) | β-lactam | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Cefotaxime (CTX) (10) | β-lactam | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 18 |
| Cefoxitin (CXT) (4) | β-lactam | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 6 |
| Cefpodoxime (CPM) (2) | β-lactam | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Ceftazidime (CAZ) (6) | β-lactam | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 18 |
| Ceftiofur (XNL) (6) | β-lactam | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| Ceftriaxone (CRO) (8) | β-lactam | 3 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 13 | 3 | 33 |
| Cefuroxime (CXM) (6) | β-lactam | 2 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 17 |
| Chloramphenicol (CHL) (21) | Phenicol | NGC | 16 | 3 | 11 | 12 | 6 | 48 |
| Ciprofloxacin (CIP) (30) | Quinolone | 2 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 28 | 23 | 73 |
| Clindamycin (CLI) (5) | Macrolide | NGC | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Cloxacillin (CXL) (4) | β-lactam | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Colistin (COL/CT) (7) | Polypeptide | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| Enrofloxacin (ENR) (3) | Quinolone | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Ertapenem (ETP) (1) | β-lactam | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Erythromycin (E) (17) | Macrolide | NGC | 18 | 2 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 39 |
| Florfenicol (FFC) (6) | Phenicol | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Fosfomycin (FFM) (1) | Organophosphate | NGC | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| Fusidic acid (FUA) (3) | Steroid | NGC | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Gentamycin (CN/GEN) (33) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 7 | 2 | 17 | 29 | 26 | 81 |
| Imipenem (IMP) (4) | β-lactam | NGC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 9 |
| Kanamycin (K) (2) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Levofloxacin (LVF) (1) | Quinolone | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Linezolid (LIZ) (2) | Oxazolidinone | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Lomeofloxacin (LMF) (1) | Quinolone | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Nalidixic acid (NAL) (16) | Quinolone | 1 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 36 |
| Neomycin (N) (8) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 17 |
| Nitrofuran (NIT) (8) | Furan | NGC | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 22 |
| Norfloxacin (NOR) (3) | Quinolone | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Meropenem (MPM) (2) | β-lactam | NGC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| Mezlocillin (MZC) (1) | β-lactam | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Mupirocin (MP) (2) | Carbolic acid | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Ofloxacin (OFX) (11) | Quinolone | 2 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 17 | 8 | 40 |
| Oxacillin (OX) (7) | β-lactam | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 |
| Penicillin (P) (6) | β-lactam | 1 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Pefloxacin (PEF) (9) | Quinolone | 2 | 10 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 15 | 44 |
| Piperacillin (PPC) (1) | β-lactam | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam (PTB) (4) | β-lactam + β-LI | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 13 |
| Quinupristin (QUI) (1) | Streptogramins | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Sparfloxacin (SPF) (4) | Quinolone | 3 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 26 |
| Rifampicin (RIF) (1) | Ansamycin | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Spectinomycin (SPE) (6) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| Streptomycin (S) (22) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 17 | 10 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 65 |
| Sulphadimidine (SDN) (1) | Sulfonamides | NGC | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
| Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (10) | Sulfonamides | NGC | 7 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 16 |
| Triple sulphur (TS) (1) | Sulfonamides | NGC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Co-trimoxazole (COT) (17) | Sulfonamides + DI | NGC | 22 | 9 | 14 | 9 | 3 | 57 |
| Teicoplan (TCP) (1) | Glycopeptide | NGC | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Tetracycline (T) (30) | Tetracycline | NGC | 32 | 10 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 72 |
| Ticarcillin (TCC) (2) | β-lactam | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| Tigecycline (TGC) (1) | Tetracycline | NGC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Tobramycin (TMN) (3) | Aminoglycoside | NGC | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| Trimethoprim (TMP) (10) | DI | NGC | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 14 |
| Vancomycin (V) (4) | Glycopeptide | NGC | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| Total (42) | 289 | 100 | 223 | 266 | 261 | 1139 | ||
NGC: No generation classification. 1,2,3 and 4: First and second generation antibiotics, respectively. β-lactam + β-LI : β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor. β-lactam + means β-lactam combined with another antibiotics; DI: Diaminopyrimidine inhibitor. Sulfonamides + DI: Sulfonamides + Diaminopyrimidine inhibitor. (n): Number of peer reviewed studies for each antibiotic are placed in bracket after each antibiotic.