Table 2.
Epigenetic studies on olive oil and its biophenols.
| Dietary Component | Doses | Model | Epigenetic Study | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DOA | 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L | HMLER cells Female athymic nude mice with SUM-159 cells (Tumor) |
DNA methylation | DOA’s ability to strongly and negatively impact the tumorigenic and self-renewal nature of cancer stem cells occurs through DNA methyltransferase -related epigenetic regulation. | [211] |
| MedDiet + EVOO | (1 L/week) | -Human | DNA methylation | Methylation changes in several peripheral white blood cell genes. | [212] |
| CO, OO or SO | CO: 80% OO: 15% SO: 12% |
Sprague–Dawley rats -3T3-L1 |
DNA methylation | Methylation levels changes of the CpG island at the Vegfb promoter and in the Vegfb expression levels in vivo and in vitro by different dietary fatty acids. | [213] |
| LCO, HCO or EVOO | LCO: 3% HCO: 20% EVOO: 17% w/w | Sprague–Dawley rats | DNA methylation & histone modifications |
EVOO diet increased the levels of DNA methylation in mammary glands and tumor and changed histone modifications patterns. CO diet increased DNA methyltransferase activity in both tissues, resulting in an increase in the promoter methylation of the tumor suppressor genes RASSF1A and TIMP3. |
[214] |
| EVOO | 100 ppm EVOO 250 μL/300 g |
-Caco-2 cells Sprague–Dawley rats |
DNA methylation | In vivo and in vitro evidence that DNA methylation of CB1, already associated with a cancer phenotype, can be modulated by EVOO. | [215] |
| OLE | 100 μM | aged TgCRND8 mice | Histone modifications | OLE activates neuronal autophagy; it increases histone 3 and 4 acetylation, decreases histone deacetylase 2 expression, and causes a significant improvement in synaptic function. | [130] |
| n-3 LCPUFA or OO | 4 g daily | PBMCs from men and women | DNA methylation | n-3LCPUFA or OO can induce selective changes in the methylation status of individual CpG loci in specific genes, which is contingent on the sex of the subject and the nature of the supplement. | [216] |
DOA: decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone; MedDiet: mediterranean diet; EVOO: extra virgin olive oil. CO: coconut oil; OO: olive oil; SO: sunflower oil; LCO: low corn oil; HCO: high corn-oil; OLE: oleuropein aglycone; n-3 LCPUFA: n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells.