Table 2.
Association of early-life NO2 exposure with childhood asthma risk, PSID–CDS, 1990–2014 (N = 4535).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO2 | NO2 + Demo | NO2 + Demo + Hlt | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Early-life NO2 exposure | 1.23 | (1.11–1.37) | 1.28 | (1.14–1.45) | 1.25 | (1.10–1.41) |
| Child-Level | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.02 | (0.99–1.04) | 1.02 | (0.99–1.04) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 0.74 | (0.63–0.88) | 0.73 | (0.62–0.87) | ||
| Cohort | ||||||
| 1997 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2014 | 1.89 | (1.44–2.49) | 1.88 | (1.42–2.48) | ||
| Parental asthma history | ||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.50 | (2.03–3.07) | ||||
| Household-Level | ||||||
| HH age (years) | 0.99 | (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | ||
| HH sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 1.33 | (1.04–1.70) | 1.33 | (1.03–1.70) | ||
| HH race | ||||||
| NL White (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| NL Black | 1.70 | (1.36–2.11) | 1.72 | (1.38–2.13) | ||
| NL Asian | 1.15 | (0.34–3.95) | 1.29 | (0.34–4.90) | ||
| NL Other/Multi | 0.70 | (0.17–2.86) | 0.71 | (0.21–2.40) | ||
| Latino | 0.97 | (0.62–1.53) | 1.15 | (0.73–1.81) | ||
| HH employment | ||||||
| Unemployed (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Employed | 0.91 | (0.69–1.20) | 0.99 | (0.74–1.32) | ||
| Income (year 2000 $) | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | ||
| Persons per room | 0.76 | (0.58–0.99) | 0.79 | (0.60–1.04) | ||
| Current smoking | ||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.13 | (0.91–1.39) | ||||
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Insured (ref) | 1.00 | |||||
| Uninsured | 0.47 | (0.27–0.81) | ||||
HH = Household head; NL = Non-Latino; Effect estimates are for the IQR increase in NO2 (8.51 ppb); estimates in bold are statistically significant at p < 0.05.