Table 3.
Association of early-life PM2.5 exposure with childhood asthma risk, PSID-CDS, 1990–2014 (N = 4535).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO2 | NO2 + Demo | NO2 + Demo + Hlt | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Early-life PM2.5 exposure | 1.21 | (1.09–1.35) | 1.28 | (1.09–1.49) | 1.25 | (1.06–1.46) |
| Child-Level | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.01 | (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 | (0.98–1.04) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 0.75 | (0.63–0.88) | 0.74 | (0.62–0.88) | ||
| Cohort | ||||||
| 1997 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2014 | 1.99 | (1.46–2.71) | 1.97 | (1.44–2.69) | ||
| Parental asthma history | ||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.53 | (2.06–3.10) | ||||
| Household-Level | ||||||
| HH age (years) | 1.00 | (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | ||
| HH sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 1.32 | (1.03–1.69) | 1.31 | (1.02–1.69) | ||
| HH race | ||||||
| NL White (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| NL Black | 1.65 | (1.32–2.06) | 1.68 | (1.34–2.09) | ||
| NL Asian | 1.24 | (0.33–4.62) | 1.37 | (0.34–5.55) | ||
| NL Other/Multi | 0.75 | (0.18–3.15) | 0.77 | (0.22–2.67) | ||
| Latino | 1.01 | (0.64–1.59) | 1.19 | (0.76–1.87) | ||
| HH employment | ||||||
| Unemployed (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Employed | 0.90 | (0.69–1.19) | 0.99 | (0.74–1.31) | ||
| Income (year 2000 $) | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | ||
| Persons per room | 0.77 | (0.59–1.00) | 0.80 | (0.61–1.05) | ||
| Current smoking | ||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.11 | (0.90–1.37) | ||||
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Insured (ref) | 1.00 | |||||
| Uninsured | 0.47 | (0.27–0.82) | ||||
HH = Household head; NL = Non-Latino; Effect estimates are for the IQR increase in PM2.5 (4.43 µ/m3); estimates in bold are statistically significant at p < 0.05.