Table 4.

Summary of some important nutrigenomic mechanisms involved in brown rice.

Property	Potential Underlying Nutrigenomic Mechanism	References
Antioxidative	An increase in antioxidant status and a reduction in oxidative stress via v-akt murine thyromoma viral oncogene (AKT), nuclear factor beta (NF-Kβ), mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p53 tumour suppressor genes, catalase, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)	Azmi et al. (2013) [61]; Imam et al. (2013) [62]; Imam et al. (2012a) [63]; Imam et al. (2012b) [64]
Anti-hyperglycemia	A decrease in the level of blood glucose via the suppression of fbp and pck genes, which are gluconeogenic	Imam and Ismail [62]
Anti-hypocholesterolaemia	A decrease in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol, as well as an increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) via the transcriptional regulation of hepatic LDL receptor, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR) γ, ATP binding cassette (ABCA) 1, AKT and apolipoprotein genes	Imam et al. (2013) [66]; Imam et al. [67]