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In vitro surface plasmon resonance binding assay for PKCι and Ech A. The PKCι binding response to Ech A was measured in the range of 0–40 nM of Ech A. The flow rate was 30 μL/minute. The association and dissociation times were 3 min each. The calculated binding constants are shown at the bottom. ka: Association rate, kd: Dissociation rate, KD (Affinity) = kd/ka (n = 3).
