Table 5.
Association between smoking and sociodemographic variables.
| Ethiopia * (Odds Ratio (OR), 95%CI) |
Kenya ** (OR, 95%CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–24 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 25–34 | 0.280 (0.160–0.490) | 0.274 (0.191–0.393) | 4.155 (3.026–5.704) | 3.795 (2.930–4.916) |
| 35–44 | 0.965 (0.563–1.654) | 0.891 (0.636–1.247) | 1.947 (1.524–2.487) | 1.356 (1.113–1.653) |
| 45+ | 1.267 (0.738–2.177) | 1.071 (0.764–1.502) | 1.519 (1.164–1.984) | 1.152 (0.952–1.394) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Married | 1.005 (0.833–1.213) | 0.966 (0.845–1.105) | 1.108 (0.945–1.301) | 0.570 (0.260–1.250) |
| Widow/divorced | 0.626 (0.322–1.214) | 0.844 (0.557–1.278) | 1.238 (0.767–1.999) | 1.080 (0.944–1.236) |
| Religion | ||||
| Christian | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Moslem | 1.484 (0.494–4.454) | 1.719 (1.214–2.434) | 0.373 (0.266–0.524) | 0.502 (0.398–0.633) |
| Other | 0.554 (0.185–1.660) | 0.644 (0.240–1.094) | 0.441 (0.302–0.643) | 0.441 (0.328–0.592) |
| Education | ||||
| Nil | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Primary | 1.328 (0.930–1.896) | 0.880 (0.549–1.412) | 1.547 (1.087–2.697) | 1.162 (0.769–1.756) |
| Secondary | 1.162 (0.907–1.489) | 0.995 (0.627–1.578) | 2.454 (1.830–3.292) | 1.186 (0.763–1.842) |
| Higher | 1.351 (1.037–1.760) | 1.072 (0.617–1.862) | 1.577 (1.181–2.107) | 0.631 (0.445–1.546) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Agriculture | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Managerial | 1.328 (0.945–1.868) | 1.265 (0.925–1.730) | 2.020 (0.931–4.384) | 0.643 (0.485–0.854) |
| Sales/service | 1.285 (0.822–2.009) | 1.700 (1.164–2.483) | 1.289 (0.573–2.897) | 0.702 (0.496–0.996) |
| Manual | 1.222 (0.815–1.832) | 1.788 (1.262–2.534) | 1.926 (0.835–4.438) | 0.960 (0.821–1.123) |
| Unemployed | 1.181 (0.769–1.815) | 1.272 (0.868–1.863) | 2.067 (0.948–4.506) | 0.571 (0.301–1.086) |
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Poorer | 0.884 (0.464–1.684) | 1.132 (0.767–1.673) | 1.176 (0.878–1.574) | 1.037 (0.855–1.259) |
| Middle | 0.785 (0.224–2.749) | 0.876 (0.599–1.280) | 1.130 (0.849–1.504) | 0.946 (0.773–1.158) |
| Richer | 1.157 (0.376–3.561) | 0.727 (0.497–1.063) | 0.728 (0.559–0.949) | 0.783 (0.620–1.288) |
| Richest | 1.624 (1.093–2.413) | 0.847 (0.609–1.179) | 0.507 (0.389–0.662) | 0.883 (0.617–1.263) |
| Drinks alcohol | ||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 0.955 (0.791–1.153) | 0.942 (0.824–1.076) | 5.828 (4.909–6.920) | 6.388 (5.544–7.361) |
N.B. Significant associations are shown in bold. * = adjusted for Age, Marital status, Religion, Education, Occupation, Wealth status. ** = adjusted for Age, Marital status, Religion, Education, Occupation, Wealth status, Drinking alcohol.