Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population stratified by chronic kidney disease (CKD)1 status in the Health Examinees Study (HEXA) of a major urban cohort in the Korea Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES), 2005–2012.
| CKD 1 (N = 3053) | Non-CKD 1 (N = 156,658) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1200 (39.3) | 52,680 (33.6) | <0.01 |
| Female | 1843 (60.7) | 103,978 (66.4) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 466 (15.3) | 16,624 (10.6) | <0.01 |
| Married | 2426 (79.5) | 131,889 (84.2) | |
| Others | 161 (5.3) | 8145 (5.2) | |
| Education | |||
| Below middle school | 905 (29.6) | 26,265 (16.8) | <0.01 |
| High school | 1387 (45.4) | 86,169 (55.0) | |
| Higher than college | 699 (22.9) | 41,926 (26.8) | |
| Monthly household income (KRW) | |||
| <1,500,000 | 554 (18.2) | 14,705 (9.4) | <0.01 |
| 1,500,000–2,999,999 | 579 (19.0) | 26,275 (16.8) | |
| 3,000,000–3,999,999 | 836 (27.4) | 56,592 (36.1) | |
| ≥4,000,000 | 378 (12.4) | 33,472 (21.4) | |
| Regular exercise 2 | |||
| No | 1382 (45.3) | 74,342 (47.5) | 0.06 |
| Yes | 1660 (54.4) | 81,751 (52.2) | |
| Drinking | |||
| No | 1788 (58.6) | 78,378 (50.0) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 1249 (40.9) | 77,633 (49.6) | |
| Smoking | |||
| No | 1566 (51.3) | 61,049 (39.0) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 537 (17.6) | 20,572 (13.1) | |
| Passive smoking 3 | |||
| No | 2230 (73.0) | 107,865 (68.9) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 658 (21.6) | 40,542 (25.9) | |
| Hypertension 4 | |||
| No | 1234 (40.4) | 113,189 (72.2) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 1819 (59.6) | 43,469 (27.8) | |
| Diabetes 5 | |||
| No | 2448 (80.2) | 147,458 (94.1) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 605 (19.8) | 9200 (5.9) | |
| Use of dietary supplements | |||
| No | 2607 (85.4) | 139,902 (89.3) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 413 (13.5) | 15,636 (10.0) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age (year) | 60.58 (7.84) | 52.41 (8.28) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 159.8 (8.48) | 160.5 (8.02) | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.63 (10.32) | 61.77 (9.92) | <0.01 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 24.83 (3.02) | 23.90 (2.90) | <0.01 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.60 (0.33) | 4.64 (0.27) | <0.01 |
| Protein intake (g) | 56.02 (24.04) | 60.36 (27.52) | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.40 (0.96) | 0.81 (0.16) | <0.01 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.11 (1.76) | 4.68 (1.26) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.6 (39.41) | 197.9 (35.22) | 0.02 |
1 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as an eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 on the basis of the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative working group definition [7]; 2 Regular exercise was defined as performing regular exercise enough to sweat once a week or more; 3 Passive smoking (among subjects who had never smoked) was determined by asking. “How many times do you indirectly inhale smoke from other people at home or your workplace?” 4 Hypertension was defined as a person with anti-hypertensive medication or systolic blood pressure ≥140, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm/Hg, or the presence of history of hypertension; 5 Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/mL, or the presence of a history of diabetes.