Table 1.

Emerging innate immune therapeutic targets for SS and other autoimmune diseases

Drug	Target	Disease	Effect	Study/Trial Type	Refs
TLR pathway inhibitors
DV1079 (IRS 954)	TLR7/TLR9	SLE	Reduced autoantibody levels, proteinuria and kidney damage in a murine model	Pre-clinical	[95]
ML 120B	IKK-2	Murine arthritis	Reduced inflammation	Pre-clinical	[147]
PHA-408	IKK-2	Human synovial fibroblasts and rat arthritis models	Reduced inflammation	Pre-clinical	[148]
ST2825	MyD88	SLE	Blockade of antibody production in vitro	Pre-clinical	[149]
VGX-1027	p38 MAPK/NF-κB	RA and SLE	Improved clinical and histopathological disease signs in a murine model of lupus	Phase I	[146, 157,158]
Cpn10 (heat-shock protein 10)	TLR4	SLE and MS	Decrease in inflammatory cytokines	Phase II	[95, 146, 150]
RDP58	MyD88/IRAK4/TRAF6	Ulcerative colitis	Improvement in histology scores	Phase II	[95, 144]
IMO-8400	TLR7/TLR8/TLR9	Plaque Psoriasis	Decrease in psoriasis area and severity index	Phase II	[146]
MIS416	TLR9/NOD2	MS	Study results unavailable	Phase I & II	[146, 151]
Cytokine Blockade
Infliximab	TNFα	SS	Improvement in visual analog score, fatigue, and dryness	Phase II	[152]
Etanercept	p75 TNFR	SS	Subjective or objective improvement in 2 out of 3: dry eyes, dry mouth, and IgG levels	Phase II	[146, 152]
Belimumab	BAFF	SS	Improvement in EULAR SS Disease Activity Index and EULAR SS Patient Reported Index scores	Phase II	[146, 152, 153]
VAY736	BAFF-R	SS	Study results unavailable	Phase II	[146, 155]
Anakinra	IL-1R	SS	Reduced fatigue	Phase II	[146, 156]