Table 1.
Comparison of TBI Patient and Injury Onset Characteristics by Ischemic Stroke Incidence
| Patient and Injury Characteristics | All (n=6488) | No Ischemic Stroke (n=6329) | Ischemic Stroke (n=159) | P Value | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at injury | 42 (16–99) | 42 (16–99) | 40 (16–90) | NS | ||
| Male | 4725 (73) | 4612 (73) | 113 (71) | NS | 0.915 | 0.646–1.294 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 4386 (68) | 4281 (68) | 105 (66) | NS | ||
| Black or African American | 1022 (16) | 992 (16) | 30 (19) | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 788 (12) | 773 (12) | 15 (9) | |||
| Other | 81 (1) | 79 (1) | 2 (1) | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 333 (5) | 327 (5) | 6 (4) | NS | 0.720 | 0.316–1.640 |
| Atrial flutter | 38 (1) | 35 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.065 | 3.458 | 1.052–11.365 |
| Hypertension | 1683 (26) | 1648 (26) | 35 (22) | NS | 0.802 | 0.549–1.172 |
| Cause of injury | ||||||
| MVC | 1994 (31) | 1940 (31) | 54 (34) | 0.015 | ||
| Fall | 2038 (31) | 1994 (31) | 44 (28) | |||
| Sports | 137 (2) | 131 (2) | 6 (4) | |||
| Falling/flying object | 82 (1) | 79 (1) | 3 (2) | |||
| Gunshot | 222 (3) | 211 (3) | 11 (7) | |||
| ED GCS (initial presentation) | ||||||
| Total unadjusted (excludes intubated, sedated) | 13 (3–15) | 13 (3–15) | 12.5 (3–15) | NS | ||
| Eye | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 2.5 (1–4) | NS | ||
| Verbal | 4 (1–5) | 4 (1–5) | 4 (1–5) | NS | ||
| Motor* | 5 (1–6) | 5 (1–6) | 5 (1–6) | NS | ||
| 6. Obeys commands | 2250 (35) | 2211 (35) | 39 (24) | NS | ||
| 5. Localizes | 788 (12) | 773 (12) | 15 (9) | |||
| 4. Withdraws | 555 (9) | 544 (9) | 11 (7) | |||
| 3. Flexion | 158 (2) | 156 (2) | 2 (1) | |||
| 2. Extension | 116 (2) | 111 (2) | 5 (3) | |||
| 1. No response | 1021 (16) | 995 (16) | 26 (16) | |||
| ED GCS Motor<6* (not following commands) | 2638 (41) | 2579 (41) | 59 (37) | NS | 0.771 | 0.512–1.160 |
Data are N (%), median (range); NS >0.100. CI indicates confidence interval; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; MVC, motor vehicle crash; NS, nonsignificant; and TBI, traumatic brain injury.
*
Among 4888 patients with available GCS Motor score data.