Table 1.
Systemic characteristics and kidney hemodynamics and function in Lean, Lean+ELAM, MetS, and MetS+ELAM pigs (n=6 per group) at 16 weeks.
| Parameter | Lean | Lean+ELAM | MetS | MetS+ELAM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 100.4±10.8 | 98.4±9.3 | 126.6±7.7* | 124.6±7.7* |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 82.5 (76.0–90.5) | 82.4 (74.2–93.7) | 414.0 (331.0–506.8)* | 383.5 (306.8–410.3)* |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 33.8 (26.4–40.3) | 36.1 (28.2–39.3) | 369.7 (213.4–489.6)* | 286.4 (262.6–468.1)* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 7.4±1.7 | 7.4±1.5 | 17.9±7.8* | 16.1±5.8* |
| Plasma renin activity (ng/ml/h) | 0.17±0.11 | 0.15±0.11 | 0.16±0.07 | 0.14±0.08 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.7±0.2 | 1.6±0.4 | 1.6±0.2 | 1.8±0.3 |
| Renal volume (ml/min) | 137.6±18.5 | 145.5±8.9 | 223.0±21.3* | 236.4±25.5* |
| Cortical perfusion (ml/min/cc) | 3.9±0.8 | 3.8±0.6 | 4.1±0.5 | 4.0±0.8 |
| Medullary perfusion (ml/min/cc) | 3.4 (2.0–3.6) | 3.5 (2.6–3.9) | 1.9 (3.2–1.9) | 2.2 (1.8–4.1) |
| RBF (ml/min) | 503.3±25.9 | 642.9±54.2 | 867.5±86.9* | 917.9±59.7* |
| RBF response to Ach (% change) | 19.1±6.8‡ | 16.8±10.5‡ | 21.8±7.5‡ | 16.9±5.6‡ |
| GFR (ml/min) | 79.9 (65.6–86.5) | 81.0 (65.1–89.7) | 154.8 (127.8–162.2)* | 130.4 (128.2–140.7)* |
*
p≤0.05 vs. Lean,
‡
p<0.05 vs. baseline.
MetS: metabolic syndrome, ELAM: Elamipretide, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, RBF: Renal blood flow, Ach: Acetylcholine, GFR: Glomerular filtration rate.