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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2018 Mar 2;19(7):728–740. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.02.003

Table 1.

Number of reinforcers (± SEM) earned in a five-minute response component for each dose of agonist tested.

Reinforcement density
Oxycodone 0.032 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 0.32 mg/kg 0.56mg/kg
9.25 ± 0.25 9.00 ± 0.00 8.67 ± 0.33 0.50 ± 0.50

Heroin 0.01 mg/kg 0.032 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 0.32 mg/kg
9.00 ± 0.00 9.00 ± 0.00 8.00 ± 0.71 3.75 ± 2.25

Methadone 0.032 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 0.32 mg/kg 1.0 mg/kg
9.00 ± 0.00 8.25 ± 0.75 8.00 ± 0.41 1.75 ± 1.03

Buprenorphine 0.0032 mg/kg 0.01 mg/kg 0.032 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg
9.00 ± 0.00 8.25 ± 0.48 6.00 ± 2.12 1.00 ± 1.00

Butorphanol 0.01 mg/kg 0.032 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 0.32 mg/kg
8.00 ± 0.58 8.00 ± 0.58 6.00 ± 0.71 2.25 ± 1.03

Nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg 0.32 mg/kg 1.0 mg/kg 3.2 mg/kg
8.00 ± 1.00 8.75 ± 0.48 8.00 ± 0.58 7.25 ± 1.03