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. 2018 Jun 29;8:9885. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28131-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) MIP PA and US combined image showing the vasculature in the dorsal surface of a human foot. The dashed rectangle indicates the imaged area. (b) Perspective view image showing the 3D vasculature. The depth (i.e., the position along the z axis) is color encoded. (c) B-scan PA and US combined images of the vasculature in foot surface acquired at a temperature of 40.8 and 34.2 degree Celsius. The dashed circles indicate the regions of interest (ROI) for quantifying the change of PA image intensity in response to the local cold exposure. (d) Data distribution showing the averaged PA image intensities of vessels within the ROI at the two different temperatures (i.e., 40.8 vs. 34.2 degrees Celsius). For the PA measurements at each temperature, the asterisk on red line shows the mean, and the distance above or below it shows the standard deviation. A p-value of 0.0285 was achieved for a two-tailed t-test (n = 4), demonstrating the capability of PA imaging in detecting the change in peripheral microvascular flow in response to the local cold exposure.