Fig. 2.

Auditory cortical activity during shifted feedback. a Sample single-unit response raster and peri-stimulus time histogram (PSTH, b) from an auditory cortex neuron suppressed by trill vocal production (vocal Response Modulation Index: RMI = −0.53) but exhibiting decreased suppression during a +2ST feedback shift (normal −10.2 spk/s, amplified −9.5, FB −6.5; p < 0.001 Kruskal–Wallis; Error bars: SEM). Vocal intervals (shaded) and feedback onset times are indicated (yellow marker). c Population average PSTHs showing reduction in vocal suppression during shifted feedback compared to normal vocalizations for suppressed units (RMI < −0.2). Indicated N is number of units. Sample sizes and statistical details may be found in the Supplementary Note 1