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. 2018 Jun 29;9:2540. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04961-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Vocal frequency changes during electrical microstimulation of auditory cortex. a Two sample trill spectrograms showing abrupt changes in vocal frequencies shortly following stimulation onset (arrows). b Distribution of timing latency between stimulation onset and vocal changes demonstrating rapid stimulation effects. c Spatial distribution of stimulation effects (percent of trill samples demonstrating frequency changes) in one right hemispheric electrode array. Indicated electrode locations are approximate. d Stimulation distribution for two additional left (LH) and right (RH) hemispheric arrays in two animals. Color scale is identical to c. e Vocal contours for a single stimulation site (indicated in c) comparing normal and stimulated mean frequency curves aligned either by the first trill peak after stimulation (top), or smoothed curves aligned by stimulation onset (bottom), demonstrating onset peak and rapid reduction (Error bars: SEM). f Vocal frequency contours for a right hemisphere grid (m96z-grid in c) demonstrating a mix of electrodes with strong stimulation effects and others with weak to absent changes. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank)