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. 2018 Jun 29;9:2540. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04961-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Correlation between neural recording and microstimulation effects. a Histogram of median vocal frequency changes during microstimulation for each electrode site (Shaded: p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank within electrode). Results are plotted separately for right and left hemispheric electrodes, with stronger effects on the right (p = 0.01, Wilcoxon rank-sum between hemispheres). b Scatter plot comparing stimulation effects and the degree of vocal suppression (vocal-auditory RMI) of multi-unit activity (MUA) at the matched recording site. Significant correlations were present for the population, as well as in the right hemisphere (*p < 0.01), but not left hemisphere. c Scatter plot showing negative correlation between stimulation and feedback sensitivity. d Plot comparing microstimulation and vocal compensation correlation coefficients. Sites with negative neural-vocal correlations showed greater decreases in vocal frequency during stimulation, with positive correlation sites showing the opposite. e Comparison of microstimulation effects by electrode frequency tuning, demonstrating largest decreases clustered around 8 kHz, just above mean trill frequency (arrow), and increases around 5–6 kHz, just below mean trill frequency (Green: moving average; shaded: 95% CI). Inset: moving average curves separated by right (red) and left hemispheres (blue)