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. 2018 Jun 29;8:9818. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28135-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Acute neurotoxicity of V. aspis is barely prevented by antivenoms. Electrophysiological recordings of EJP from mice solei (A) 48 h or (B) 7 days after the injection of V. aspis venom (100 µg/Kg) pre-incubated with Antivenom#1 or Antivenom#2 or NHS (Normal Horse Serum) (see methods). Bars represent the average EJP amplitude of 15 fibres per muscle from at least three different mice per condition, expressed as a percentage of control condition (injection of the sole vehicle); paired t‐test, ^*p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.001, ^***p < 0.0001 versus control (vehicle) or ^#p < 0.01, ^##p < 0.001, ^###p < 0.0001 versus NHS; error bars represent s.e.m.; n.s. = not significant. After electrophysiology, soleus muscles were imaged for the presynaptic markers syntaxin-1A/1B (green) and for the postsynaptic ACh receptors (AChR, red) to evaluate NMJ integrity (B) 48 h or (D) 7 days. Scale bar = 10 μm.