Table 3.

Anecdotal Approaches

Method	Type of Study (No. of Patients)	Air Leak Improved or Resolved	Complications
Fibrin sealant administered through bronchoscopy20	3 case reports (1 patient each)	3 of 3	None reported
Fibrin sealant administered through thoracoscopy21	Case series (12)	11 of 12	None reported
Platelet gel22	Case report (1)	1 of 1	None reported
Ethanolamine23, 24	2 case series (15 and 5)	12 of 15, 5 of 5	First case series: fever (53%), chest pain (27%), pulmonary infiltrates (83%), and hydropneumothorax (7%) Second case series: none reported
Metal coils25	Case series (5)	4 of 5	None reported
Watanabe spigots26	Case series (60)	58 of 60	Pneumonia (3%), dyspnea (3%), fever (1%)
Laser27	Case series (13), abstract	11 of 13	None reported
Synthetic hydrogel28	Case series (22)	19 of 22	Hydrogel expectoration (9%), hypoxia (5%)