Table 1.
Grooves/Channels | |||||
Material | Dimension | Cell/tissue | Remarks | Ref. | |
Width/Diameter | Depth/Height | ||||
PMMA | 10, 25, 100 μm | 330 nm | HOBs | Decreased nanogroove widths led to increased contact guidance, decreased adhesion and increased angiogenic gene expressions | 78,79 |
2, 3, 6, 12 μm | 0.2, 0.5, 1.1, 1.9 μm | Baby hamster kidney cells, | Increased alignment with increased depth and decreased with increased width. | 21,80 | |
PDMS | 5, 10, 20, 60 μm | 25 μm | Human neural stem cell | Increased alignment and induced neurite growth with decreased micropattern dimensions. Increased neuron density but altered neurite alignment with increased micropattern dimesions. | 81 |
30 μm | 10 μm | VEC | Orientation along grooves; changes in gene expression | 82,83 | |
20–60 μm | 11 μm | VSMC | Enhanced alignment of cell/nuclei on narrow grooves | 83,84 | |
20, 50, 80 μm | 5, 12 μm | VSMC | Enhanced cell/nuclei aspect ratio and cell alignment | 83,85 | |
3.5 μm | 0.2–5 μm | VEC | Orientation along grooves; no change in proliferation | 83,86 | |
2–10 μm | 50–200 nm | VSMC or VEC | Cell orientation and migration along grooves; enhanced cell elongation | 19,83 | |
1200 nm | 600 nm | VEC | Increased cell elongation, alignment and migration along grooves and reduced cell proliferation | 83,87 | |
600 nm | 600 nm | Human embryonic stem cells | Reduced cell proliferation | 21,87 | |
PS | 10 μm | 3 μm | Rat astrocytes | Low adhesion, strong alignment | 21,88 |
1–10 μm | 0.5–1.5 μm | Rat bone marrow cells | On large grooves, focal adhesions cover the surface, On narrow grooves, focal adhesions are only on edges |
21,89 | |
1, 2, 5, 10 μm | 0.5, 1, 1.5 μm | Rat bone marrow cells | Better mineralization with 1 μm depth and 1–2 μm width | 89 | |
20–1000 nm | 5–530 nm | Fibroblasts | No alignment for depths ˂ 35 nm or widths ˂ 100 nm | 21,90 | |
Polyimide | 4 μm | 5 μm | Osteoblasts | Strong alignment, no change in adhesion | 9,21 |
PDLA | 10 μm | 3 μm | Schwann cells (nerve cells) |
Strong alignment | 21,91 |
PHBV | 1–10 μm | 5–30 μm | Rat mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteoblasts |
Increased osteoblast adhesion and alignment | 79,92 |
PLGA | 350, 700, 1050 nm | 500 nm | VEC | Enhanced adhesion strength, Increased cell alignment along grooves |
83,93 |
Ti | 750 nm- 100 μm | 200 nm | VEC | Increased cell alignment along grooves and higher cell density on grooves with width < 10 μm | 83,94 |
Quartz | 0.5,5,10, 25 μm | 0.5, 5 μm | Murine macrophage | Increased orientation | 21,95 |
12.5 μm | 5 μm | Fibroblasts | Change in gene expression profile | 21,96 | |
1, 4 μm | 1.1 μm | MSC | Alignment better in the wider grooves | 21,97 | |
2–10 μm | 30–280 nm | Murine macrophage | Higher phagocytotic activity when topography size is equal to collagen fiber size | 21,98 | |
TCPS | 5, 45 μm | 5 μm | Primary (glioma) and metastatic (lung and colon) tumors | Induced migration of primary and metastatic brain, lung and colon cancer cells | 99 |
HA on PET | 5, 25 μm | – | Articular knee chondrocytes | Induced adhesion, migration, alignment, and differentiation of chondrocytes | 79,100 |
Collagen | 27 μm | 12 μm | Mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells | Cell alignment and enhanced bone formation | 53 |
10 μm | 30 μm | Human corneal keratocytes and D407 | Higher mechanical properties on patterned collagen films | 101 | |
650, 500, 332.5 nm | 300, 250, 200 nm | HMEC | No change in proliferation and has a minimal effect on cell alignment, enhanced cell retention under flow-shear conditions | 67 | |
Collagen coated with fibrinogen | 27 μm | 12 μm | Rat bone marrow osteoblast cells | Enhanced cell orientation and bone formation | 102 |
Ti— coated Si |
15 μm |
200 nm |
T24 |
Less round and smaller cell shape |
21,103 |
Pillars | |||||
Material |
Dimension |
Cell/tissue |
Remarks |
Ref. |
|
Width/Diameter |
Depth/Height |
||||
PMMA | 4, 8, 16 μm | 8 μm | DPSC | Control of fate of the stem cells | 60 |
100 nm | 160 nm | Fibroblasts | Smaller, less organized actin cytoskeleton | 21,104 | |
100 nm | 160 nm | Fibroblasts | Less spreading | 21,105 | |
PLGA | 4, 8, 16 μm | 8 μm | Saos-2, L929, SH-SY5Y, MCF7, hOB | Nuclear deformation in cancer cells (Saos-2, MCF-7, SH-SY5Y) not in noncancerous cells (hOB, L929) | 58 |
3 μm | 7 μm | MSC | Geometry of cell nuclei responds to the micropillar array | 106 | |
3 μm | 5 μm | BMSC | Severe nucleus deformation, no change in proliferation and differentiation | 107 | |
PLGA and PDMS | 30 μm | 4, 9 μm | NIH 3T3 fibroblasts | On PDMS, 3T3 cells on stiffer (longer) pillar area. No such effect on PLGA. | 108 |
PDMS | 1–5.6 μm | 1–8 μm | VEC | Enhanced cell alignment and elongation on PDMS pillars | 109 |
PDMS coated with fibronectin | 10 μm | 10 μm | MCF-10 A, MDA-MB-231 | Epithelial to mesenchymal transition of the breast cancer cells within enclosed micropillar arrays | 110 |
PLLA | 2–20 μm with interpillar spaces 2–20 μm |
5–6 μm | Saos-2, MG-63, OHS4 | Nuclear deformation in cancer cells (Saos-2) higher than in healthy counterparts (OHS-4 and MG-63). Saos-2 cells deformed severely on pillars with 5–10 μm spacing. | 111 |
PLLA, PLLA: PLGA blend | 200 nm | 900 nm | Saos-2, BMSC | Saos-2 cells populated fields with pillars 1 μm apart but not on pillar-free surfaces. BMSCs avoided fields with interpillar distances <2 μm. | 112 |
Collagen and PLGA | 8, 16 μm | 8 μm | Saos-2 | Increased proliferation and ALP production on collagen micropillars. Increased nuclear deformation on PLGA micropillars | 113 |
Ti | 21 nm | 15 nm | BMSC and hBMHCs | Improved bone deposition on nanopillars | 114 |
Alumina |
110 nm |
– |
Mouse bone marrow stem cells |
Increased proliferation and differentiation |
21,115 |
Wells/Pits | |||||
Material |
Dimension |
Cell/tissue |
Remarks |
Ref. |
|
Width/Diameter |
Depth/Height |
||||
PMMA | 120 nm | 100 nm | MSC | Stimulated differentiation and production of bone mineral in vitro | 21,116 |
35, 75, 120 nm | – | Fibroblasts | Reduced adhesion, orientation and distinction of symmetries | 21,[117], [118], [119] | |
PDMS | 2, 5, 10 μm | – | Human fibroblasts | 2 and 5 μm showed better proliferation 10 μm showed no effect |
21,120 |
PC | 7, 25, 50 μm | 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 μm | Fibroblasts | No orientation | 21,121 |
Titanium | 100, 30, 10 μm | – | MG63 | Cell attachment, growth, aggregation and morphology depends on the presence and dimension of the micropatterns | 79,122 |
PCL | 30 μm | 80, 220, 333 nm | BMSC | Optimal adhesion on 80 nm deep pits, inductive capability on 220 nm deep pits | 123 |
150 nm | 80 nm | Fibroblasts | Less focal contacts and vinculin F-actin cytoskeleton less developed |
21,124 |
*Cells (hOB: primary human osteoblasts, MSC: mesenchymal stem cells, VEC: vascular endothelial cells, VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells, DPSC: human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells, HMEC: human microvascular endothelial cells, BMSC: bone marrow stem cells, Saos-2: osteosarcoma cells, MCF-10 A: mammary epithelial cells, MDA-MB-231: breast adenocarcinoma cells, MG63: osteoblast like cells, OHS4: human osteosarcoma cells, L929: mouse fibroblast cell, SH-SY5Y: human neuroblastoma cells, T24: human bladder carcinoma, D407: retinal pigment epithelial cells, hBMHCs: human bone marrow hematopoietic cells).
**Polymers (HA: hyaluronic acid, PET: polyethylene terephthalate, PLLA: poly(l-lactic acid), PMMA: poly(methylmethacrylate), PDMS: polydimethyl siloxane, PLGA: polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid, PCL: polycaprolactone, PC: polycarbonate, PS: polystyrene, PDLA: poly(D,l-lactic acid), PHBV: poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), TCPS: tissue culture polystyrene).