Fig. 6.

Pathway by which Pg-C-EE inhibits melanogenesis and ROS generation. α-MSH, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone; AP-1, activator protein 1; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP response element binding; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HYAL, hyaluronidase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; L-DOPA, L-dopamine; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Pg-C-EE, Panax ginseng calyx ethanol extract; PKA, Protein kinase A; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TYRP, tyrosinase-related protein; UVB, ultraviolet B.